人文論究５４―２（よこ）／２．一言

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2 1 Cole, 1996 Biglan, 1995 Azuma, 1994

3 internalization enculturation 1996 Matsumoto, 2000 Stigler & Perry, subjective culture objective culture

4 2 etic emic Hofstede, 2001 Jahoda, 1986 Cole, 1996 Hofstede 1980, Hofstede, 2001

5 Hofstede Inglehart & Klingemann, Matsumoto, 2000 Triandis

6 Twenty Statements Task TST ; Kuhn & McPartland, A Triandis, Kitayama & Markus Figure 1

7 Figure 1 A B X Kitayama & Markus, 1991 Figure 1 Kitayama, 2000 Kitayama & Mityamoto, I Kashima & Kashima, 1999 Matsu-

8 moto, 2000 Ishii, Reyes & Kitayama, 2003 Morris &Peng, 1994 fundamental attribution error 3 4 Deci & Ryan, 2000 Iyengar & Lepper 1999

9 Heine, Kitayama, Lehman, Takata & Ide 2001 Figure 2 Figure 2 Heine, Kitayama, Lehman, Takata & Ide, 1999

10 Azuma, 1994 Heine, Lehman, Markus & Kitayama, 1999 Lewis, Diener & Suh, 2000 Rosenberg, 1965 Lewis, 1995 Diener & Diener, 1995

11 Kwan, Bond & Singelis 1997 Uchida & Kitayama 2000 Kitayama, Markus & Kurokawa 2000 Figure 3 4 Figure 3 4 Kitayama, Markus & Kurokawa, 2000

12 4 4 1 sympathy Kitayama & Markus, Uchida & Kitayama, Kitayama & Markus 1999 self-improvement 1998

13 Table 1 Chronbach s α ** ** ** ** ** ** ** R 16 R 17 R ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** R **p.01

14 Table 1

15 References Azuma, H Discipline and education in Japan. Tokyo : Tokyo University Press. Biglan, A Changing cultural practices : A contexualist framework for intervention research. Reno, NV. Context Press. Cole, M Cultural Psychology : A once and future discipline. Harvard University Press. Cambridge Deci, E. L.,&Ryan,R.M Self-determination theory and the facilitation of intrinsic motivation, social development, and well-being. American Psychologist, 55, 1, Diener, E., & Diener, M Cross-cultural correlations of life satisfaction and self-esteem. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 68, Deiner, E., &Suh,E.M Measuringsubjective well-being to compare the quality of life of cultures. In E. Diener & Suh Eds.. Culture and subjective well-being, pp 3 12, Cambridge, MA : MIT Press. Heine, S. J., Lehman, D. R., Markus, H. R., & Kitayama, S Istherea universal need for positive self-regard? Psychological Review, 106, 4, Heine, S. J. Kitayama, S., Lehman, D. R., Takata, T., Ide, E., Matsumoto, H Divergentconsequences of success and failure in Japan and North America : an investigation of self-improving motivations and malleable selves. Journal of Personality & Social Psychology, 81, 4, Hofstede, G Culture s consequences : international differences in workrelated values. Beverley Hills, CA : Sage. Hofstede, G Culture s consequences : comparing values, behaviors, institutions, and organizations across nations. Thousand Oaks, London, New Delhi : Sage. Inglehart, R. & Klingemann, H. D Genes,Culture,Democracy, and Happiness. In E. Diener & Suh Eds.Culture and subjective well-being. pp Cambridge, MA : MIT Press. Ishii, Reyes & Kitayama2003. Spontaneous attention to word content versus emotional tone : Differences among three cultures. Psychological Science, 14, 1,

16 Iyengar, S. S., & Lepper, H. R Rethinking the value of choice : A cultural perspective on intrinsic motivation. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 76, Jahoda, G Nature,culture and social psychology. Europian Journal of Social Psychology, 16, Kitayama, S., Markus, H.R CultureandtheSelf : Implications for cognition, emotion, and motivation. Psychological Review, 98, Kitayama, S.&Markus,H.R.1999Yin and yang of the Japanese self : the cultural psychology of personality coherence. In : D, Cervone, & Y, Shoda Eds.Coherence of personality : Social-cognitive bases of consistency, variability, and organization. pp ; New York, NY, US : Guilford Press. Kitayama, S., Markus, H. R. & Kurokawa, M Culture, emotion, and well-being : good feelings in Japan and the United States. Cognition and Emotion, 14, 1, Kitayama, S., Markus, H.R Thepursuit of happiness and the realization of sympathy : cultural patterns of self, social relations, and the well-being. In E. Diener & Suh Eds.Culture and subjective well-being. pp Cambridge, MA : MIT Press Kashima, E, S. & Kashima, Y Cultureandlanguage : the case of cultural dimensions and personal pronoun use. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 29, 3, Kuhn, M. H., & Mcpartland, T An empirical investigation of selfattitudes. American Sociological Review, 19, Kwan, V. S. Y., Bond, M. H., & Singelis, T. M Pancultural explanations for life satisfaction : adding relationship harmony to self-esteem. Jounal of Personality and Social Psychology, 73, Lewis, C. C Educating hearts and minds. Cambridge, England : Cambridge University Press. Matsumoto, D Culture and psychology : People around the world. Wadsworth, a division of Thomson learning, Inc Morris & Peng1994. Cultureandcause : American and Chinese attributions for social and physical events. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 67,

17 1996 Rosenberg, M Society and the adolescent self-image. Princeton, NJ : Princeton. University Press. Stigler, W. J. & Perry, M Mathematicslearning in Japanese, Chinese, and American classrooms. New Directions for Child Development, 41, Triandis, H. C Theselfandsocial behavior in deffering cultural contexts. Psychological Review. 96, 3, Uchida, Y., & Kitayama, S Cultureandwell-being. Unpublished data, Kyoto University , 4,

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(’Ó)”R PAC Facework from the Perspectives of Interactions between Members: A Case Study of a Japanese Language Classroom by PAC analysis YOKOMIZO Tamaki The purpose of this study is to investigate how facework