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1 The Japanese Journal of Psychology 2003, Vol. 73, No. 6, Reading comprehension and working memory: Structural equation modeling approach Hirohito Kondo, Mlasanao Miorishita, Kayo Ashida, Yuki Otsuka, and Naoyuki Osaka (Department of Psychology, Graduate School of Letters, Kyoto University, YoshidaoHonmachi, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto ) We examined the relationship among intelligence, working memory, and reading comprehension using structural equation modeling (SEMI). Ninety-six participants were instructed to perform two reading comprehension tests and six cognitive tasks; two verbal intelligence subtests, two spatial intelligence subtests, and two reading span tasks. Three latent variables that were called verbal ability, spatial ability, and working memory were derived from the six cognitive tasks. SEMI demonstrated that the latent variables of working memory and verbal ability contribute to reading comprehension, suggesting that central executive functioning related to attention control was mediated among these cognitive abilities. Key words: working memory, reading comprehension, structural equation modeling, executive function, reading span task.
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4 Table 1 Summary of descriptive statistics for eight cognitive tasks (N=96) Note. F=focus condition; NF=non focus condition; RST=reading span task. a) Reliability was calculated by adjusting split-half correlations with the Spearman-gown prophecy formula. b) Reliability was calculated using Cronbach's alpha. c) N=71. Table 2 Correlation matrix for eight cognitive tasks (N=96) Note. F=focus condition; NF-non focus condition; RST=reading span task. **p<.01, *p<.05, a) N=71.
5 Table 3 Fit indices of the SEM (N=96) Note. The endorsed model is indicated in bold. SEM=structural equation modeling; WM=working memory; RMSEA=root-mean-square error of approximation; CFI=comparative fit index.
6 Figure 1. The estimated three-factor model for the structural equation modeling. The ellipses and rectangles represent manifest variables and latent variables, respectively. The straight, single-headed arrows have standardized factor loadings next to variables. The curved, double-headed arrows represent correlations among the latent variables. The numbers at the ends of the smaller arrows are error terms.
7 Baddeley, A. D Working memory. New York: Oxford University Press. Baddeley, A. D., & Logie, R. H Working memory: The multiple-component model. In A. Miyake & P. Shah (Eds.), Models of working memory: Mechanisms of active maintenance and executive control. New York: Cambridge University Press. Pp Brown, J. I., Bennett, J. M., & Hanna, G Nelson-Denny reading test. Chicago, IL: Riverside. Carroll, J. B Human cognitive abilities: A survey of factor-analytic studies. New York: Cam bridge University Press. Cattell, R. B Measuring intelligence with the culture fair tests. Champaign, IL: Institute for Per sonality and Ability Testing. Daneman, M., & Carpenter, P. A Individual differences in working memory and reading. Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior 19, Daneman, M., & Merikle, P. M Working mem ory and language comprehension: A meta-analysis. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 3, van Dijk, T. A., & Kintsch, W Strategies of discourse comprehension. New York: Academic Press. Engle, R. W., Nations, J. K., & Cantor, J Is working memory capacity just another name for word knowledge? Journal of Educational Psychol ogy, 82, Engle, R. W., Tuholski, S. W., Laughlin, J. E., & Conway, A. R. A Working memory, short term memory, and general fluid intelligence: A latent-variable approach. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 128, Gernsbacher, M. A., Varner, K. R., & Faust, M. E Investigating differences in general compre hension skill. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 16, Hu, L., & Bentler, P. M Fit indices in covar iance structure modeling: Sensitivity to underpa rameterized model misspecilcation. Psychological Methods, 3, Kintsch, W., & van Dijk, T. A Toward a model of text comprehension and production. Psy chological Review, 85, (Kondo, H., Morishita, M., & Osaka, N Verbal working memory and reading span test. Japanese Psychological Review, 42, ) Miyake, A., Friedman, N. P., Emerson, M. J., Witzki, A. H., Howerter, A., & Wager, T. D The unity and diversity of executive functions and their contributions to complex "frontal lobe" tasks: A latent variable analysis. Cognitive Psychology, 41, (Miyake, A., & Saito, S Current trends and future directions in working memory research. Japanese Journal of Psychology, 72, ) O'Brien, E. J., Rizzella, M. L., Albrecht, J. E., & Halleran, J. G Updating a situation model:
8 A memory-based text processing view. Journal of Experimental Psychology, Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 24, (Osaka, M., Nishizaki, Y., Komori, M., & Osaka, N Effects of focus on working memory. Japanese Journal of Psychology, 72, ) (Osaka, M., & Osaka, N Working memory capacity related to reading: Measurement with the Japanese version of reading span test. Japanese Journal of Psychology, 65, ) (Osaka, N, 2000 The brain and working memm ory. Kyoto: Kyoto University Press.) (Osaka, R., & Umemoto, T Kyoto Univer sity new NXJ5 intelligence test. 2nd ed. Kobe: Taisei Publisher.) Raven, J. C., Court, J. H., & Raven, J Stan dard progressive matrices. London: H. K. Lewis. Shah, P., & Miyake, A The separability of working memory resources for spatial thinking and language processing: An individual differences approach. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 125, Smith, E. E., & Jonides, J Storage and execu tive processes in the frontal lobes. Science, 283, (Toyota, H Covariance structure analysis. Tokyo: Asakura Publisher.) Turner, M. L., & Engle, R. W Is working memory capacity task dependent? Journal of Mem ory and Language, 28,
The predictive power of working memory task for reading comprehension: An investigation using reading span test Masanao Morishita, Hirohito Kondo, Kayo Ashida, Yuki Otsuka, and Naoyuki Osaka (Kyoto University)
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