96 %Fat ( ) 100 Brozek et al Bioelectrical impedance analysisbia %Fat BIA 73.2 %Pase and Rathbun %Heymsfield et al. 19

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1 Evaluate Maximal Aerobic and Anaerobic Power from Body Fluid Volume Estimated by Bioelectrical Impedance Analysis in Active Female WAKAYAMA Akinobu Abstract The purpose of this study was to confirm a utilization of body fluid volume measured by the bioelectrical impedance analysis method for evaluate a maximal aerobic power and a maximal anaerobic power. Subjects were 65 female physical education college students (about 20 years). Their height, body weight and %Fat were 159.3±5.1 cm, 56.5±7.1 kg and 25.1±4.3 % (mean ± S.D.), respectively. The index of the maximal aerobic power was a maximal oxygen intake (V 4 O 2max) and that of the maximal anaerobic power was an instantaneous maximal isokinetic leg extension power (Pmax). The relationship between total body fluid volume and V 4 O 2max was significant (r = 0.758, p < 0.001). 65 subjects were divided into 3 groups from the ratio of actual V 4 O 2max by predicted V 4 O 2max based on the relation between total body fluid volume, which were higher group (HG: more than +5 %), lower group (LG: less than -5 %) and average group (AG: among ±5%), respectively. As the results, LG showed significantly lower V 4 Emax (p < 0.001) and significantly higher respiratory exchange ratio (RER: p < 0.001) than HG. Pmax was not significantly different when compared with HG and LG. A hypothesis of this study was, HG shows lower Pmax divided by leg fluid volume than LG, because of their differences of the muscle fiber composition. Thus, that tendency was not observed. Leg fluid volume indicated higher correlation with Pmax (r = 0.650, p < 0.001) than the maximal leg extension strength (r = 0.510, p < 0.001). Therefore, body fluid volume is useful for the evaluation for maximal aerobic power and maximal anaerobic power from the view point of a muscle potential despite the muscle fiber composition. Keywords: V 4 O 2max, V 4 Emax, RER, force-velocity curve, leg extension power 1 Behnke et al %Fat 1960

2 96 %Fat ( ) 100 Brozek et al Bioelectrical impedance analysisbia %Fat BIA 73.2 %Pase and Rathbun %Heymsfield et al BI LBM BIA %Fat BI%Fat BI BI LBM%Fat 5 khz50 khz 250 khz500 khz Fukunaga 1976 Close 1967 Costill et al. 1976, Coyle et al. 1979, 1982 BIA1 2 3ST FT 3 STFT criteria % B SSD-3500SVALOKA BIA%fatLBM BIA 28 InBody3.25 khz50 khz 250 khz500 khzbiospace

3 Maximal Fat Free Area of ThighFFAT FFAT π 2π 2 3 V 4 O 2max V 4 O 2max V 4 CO 2RERV 4 CO 2/ V 4 O 2V 4 EmaxHRmax m/min 1 20 m/minall-out 140 m/min110 m/min breath by breath AEROMONITOR300ESMINATO 1all-out 1 1 RPEBorg 1976 criteria4 3 RER90% 5 % mean S.D. = % 5% mean S.D. = RPE19 V 4 O 2 Henneman et al ST ST V 4 O 2max/minW MaeroP W V 4 O 2max /min V 4 O 2 : 1 /min = 5 kcal/min = 20,920 J/min = 349 J/sec W = W O 2 : 1 = 5 kcal1 cal = J = 25.0 % Fmax Fmax/BW VmaxFmax 1/2 Vmax1/2 PmaxPmax/BW 1 Pmax MaeroPFT warm-up y~ -l059x Figure 1. Force-velocity relationship and predict maximal power for leg extension.

4 m/s1.2 m/s 0.2 m/s criteria V 4 O 2max V 4 O 2max 5%AG5% HG5% LG3 3 V 4 O 2maxV 4 O 2max/BWV 4 CO 2 RERV 4 EmaxHRmax FmaxFmax/BWVmaxPmaxPmax/ BW post hoc test Fisherprotected LSDHG LG FFAT FmaxVmaxPmax 5% cm kg%fat % l 2 3 V 4 O 2max /minv 4 O 2max/BW m/min/kg25% MaeroP21535 W Table 1. Physique characteristics of subjects. Table 2. Means and S.D. of fluid volume. lef~.:m rig~>eg Table 3. Measured parameters of the aerobic power.

5 Fmax NFmax/BW N/kg Pmax WPmax/BW W/kg 4 V 4 O 2max y = x r = p0.001 V 4 O 2max 5%AG 20HG22LG23 32AGHGLG V 4 O 2max 5 5LGAGHG3 Fisher s LSD HGLGp0.01 %fatp0.001lbm FFATHG cm 2 LG cm 2 Figure 2. Relationship between total fluid volume and V 4 O2max Table 4. Measured parameters of the anaerobic power. Table 5. Characteristics of body composition parameters in 3 groups.

6 Fisher s LSD V 4 O 2maxHGLG V 4 O 2max HGLG p0.001v 4 O 2max/BWV 4 Emax V 4 CO 2HG LGp0.001RER LGHG p0.001hrmax 73 HGLG FmaxFmax/BWVmaxFmaxPmax Pmax/BW 25% MaeroP21535 W 6 3FFATFmax LGAGHG 0.1 %r = Fmax0.1 %r = Vmax 5Pmax r = % 6 Table 6. Measured and predicted parameters of the aerobic power in 3 groups. Table 7. Measured parameters of the anaerobic power in 3 groups.

7 HG Figure 3. Relationship between maximal fat free thigh area and Fmax Figure 5. Relationship between both legs fluid volume and Vmax HG Figure 4. Relationship between both legs fluid volume and Fmax Figure 6. Relationship between both legs fluid volume and Pmax 4 V 4 O 2max Pmax 2010V 4 O 2max 3/42/3 r 2 performance V 4 O 2maxPmax potential MRI BIA V 4 O 2max V 4 O 2max5% AG+5%HG 5%LG3 HGLGHGLG %fatffatlbm

8 102 V 4 O 2maxHG LG V 4 O 2max V 4 O 2max/BW HGLGHGLG V 4 O 2max 25 %75 % 73.2 %Pase and Rathbun 1945r = 0.879p0.001HGLG V 4 O 2maxV 4 O 2max/ BW 4 cmlgv 4 Emax RERLGHG V 4 O 2max V 4 Emax6070% V 4 Emax Wagner1988 LG all-out RERLGHG Wasserman1973 AT V 4 CO 2/V 4 CO 2RER V 4 CO 2/V 4 CO 2RQ CO 2La 1997LaHCO 3 CO 2 CO 2V 4 CO 2V 4 O 2 La H + + La H + + HCO 3 H 2O+CO 2 LG 3ATP ph 2007 all-outlg FT STFTATP ST FT HGLGFmax Fmax/BWVmaxFmaxPmaxPmax/BW Henneman et al Type 25% PmaxPmax/BW 215 W 1552 W14% Pmax6 LGHG HG AG LG

9 V 4 O 2maxHG LG 2HG 3 21 marathon-runner sprinter STFT64Thorstensoon et al. 1976Coyle et al. 1979Gregor et al m PmaxVmax 1/2 = 1.26 m/s m 0.5 s 1.26 m/s Fmax1/ FFATFmax r = 0.469r = Pmax r = Fukunaga 1976 Close 1967 ATP potential RERLG BI 5 % 5 % potential 27 1 Behnke Jr A. R., Feen B. G. and Welham W. C. (1942): The Specific gravity of healthy men. body weight volume as an index of obesity. J Am Med Asso 118(7):

10 104 2 Brozek J., Grande F., Anderson J. T. and Keys A. (1963): Densitometric analysis of body composition: Revision of some quantitative assumptions. Ann NY Aca Sci 110: Close R. (1967): The relation between intrinsic speed of shortening and duration of the active state of muscle. J Physiol 192: Costill D. L., Daniels J., Evans W., Fink W., Krahenbuhl G. and Saltin B. (1976): Skeletal muscle enzymes and fiber composition in male and female track athletes. J Appl Phisiol 40(2), Coyle E. F., Costill D. L., and Lesmes G. R. (1979): Leg extension power and fiber composition. Med Sci Sports 11(1), Fukunaga T (1976): Die absolute muskelkraft und das muskelkrafttraining. Sportarzt und Sportmed 27: Gregor R. J., Edgerton V. R., Perrine J. J., Campion D. S. and DeBus C. (1979): Torquevelocity relationships and muscle fiber composition in elite female athletes. J Appl Phisiol, Respirat Environ Exercise Physiol 47(2), Henneman E., Somjen G. and Carpenter D. C. (1965): Functional significance of cell size in spinal motoneurons. J Neurophysiol 28: Heymsfield S. B., Tighe A. and Wang Z. M. (1999): Nutritional assessment by anthropometric and biochemical methods. In modern nutrition in health and disease. 9th ed. Edited by Shils M. E., Olson J. A., Shike M. and Ross A. C.: Williams and Wilkins. Baltimore BME11(1) P P pp Jpn J Sports Sci Rating of perceived exertion Pace N. and Rathbun E. N. (1945): Studies on body composition: III. The body water and chemically combined nitrogen content in relation to fat content. J Biol Chem 158: Isokinetic peak torque Thorstensson A., Grimby G. and Karlsson J. (1976): Force-velocity relations and fiber composition in human knee entensor muscles. J Appl Phisiol 40(1): VO2max591p Wagner P. D. (1988): The determinants of VO2max. Ann Sports Med 4(4), Wasserman K., Whipp B. J., Koyal S. N. and Beaver W. L. (1973): Anaerobic threshold and respiratory gas exchange during exercise. J Appl Physiol 35,

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2 94 32 2008 pp. 93 106 1 Received October 30, 2008 The purpose of this study is to examine the effects of aerobics training class on weight loss for female students in HOKURIKU UNIVERSITY. Seventy four female