スポーツマネジメント研究における統計的分析手法：2004年から2010年にESMQ、JSM、SMRに掲載された学術論文の内容分析
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1 Statistical Data Analysis Techniques Employed in Sport Management Studies: A Content Analysis of Research Published in the ESMQ, JSM, and SMR from 2004 to 2010 Abstract The purpose of this study was to examine the statistical data analysis techniques employed in sport management studies. For this investigation, content analyses were conducted on 401 articles published in the European Sport Management Quarterly (ESMQ), Journal of Sport Management (JSM), and Sport Management Review (SMR) from 2004 to The statistical data analysis techniques were classified by levels as basic, intermediate, and advanced statistics. Overall, 213 articles which were categorized as quantitative or mixed research were analyzed. The results revealed that 42.1% of all statistical data analysis techniques in the research article reviewed were categorized as basic, 33.2% were considered advanced, and the remaining 24.7% were found to be intermediate. The results indicates that reader would need a conceptual understanding of basic and advanced statistical data analysis techniques to interpret research reported in the sport management studies. Key words: sport management studies, quantitative research methods, data analysis techniques, content analysis Address Correspondence to: Takayuki Ohnishi, Shizuoka Sangyo University Owara, Iwata, Shizuoka , Japan ohnishi@ssu.ac.jp
2 Journal of Sport ManagementJSM European Sport Management QuarterlyESMQ 1 Sport Management Review SMR Asian Sport Management Review Van Doren and Heit, 1973 Soucie and Doherty 1996 Barber et al., 2001; Olfason, 1990; Quarterman et al., 2005, 2006 Crawford-Welch and McCleary, 1992; Quarterman et al., 2005, 2006; Reid and Andereck, 1989; Riddick et al., 1984 Dann et al., Reid and Andereck, 1989 ESMQ JSM SMR Quarterman et al. 2005
3 Barber et al Jamieson et al. 1994Pitts and Pedersen 2005Quarterman et al JSM Balduck et al JSM ESMQ SMR Mondello and Pedersen 2003 Journal of Sports Economics Quarterman et al Sport Marketing Quarterly Canadian Journal of Applied Sport Sciences Research Qaurterly for Exercise and Sport NIRSA Journal Jamieson et al., 1994; Olfason, 1990 Olfason, 1990 Jamieson et al., 1994 Baumberger and Bangert, 1996; Elmore and Woehlke, 1988; Goodwin and Goodwin, 1985a, 1985b; Hutchison and Lovell, 2004; Kieffer et al., 2001; Willson, 1980Bangert and Baumberger, 2005; Edgington, 1964, 1974; Schinka et al., 1997 Baloglu and Assante, 1999; Crawford-Welch and McCleary, 1992; Reid and Andereck, 1989 an Doren and Heit, 1973 Bedini and Wu, 1994 Grazer and Stiff, 1987 Quarterman et al Goodwin and Goodwin, 1985b
4 Olfason 1990 Journal of Sport Management, Canadian Journal of Applied Sport Sciences, Research Qaurterly for Exercise and Sport, Administrative Science Quarterly, Academy of Management Journal, Journal of Applied Psychology, Dissertation Abstracts Jamieson et al Journal of Sport Management, NIRSA Journal, Proceedings from the NIRSA annual conferences Barber et al Journal of Sport Management Pitts and Pedersen 2005 Journal of Sport Management Quarterman et al Journal of Sport Management Quarterman et al Sport Marketing Quarterly Balduck et al European Sport Management Quarterly, Journal of Sport Management, Sport Management Review Mondello and Pedersen 2003 Journal of Sports Economics Willson 1989 American Educational Research Journal Elmore and Woehlke 1988 American Educational Research Journal, Educational Researcher, Review of Educational Research Goodwin and Goodwin 1985a Journal of Educational Psychology Goodwin and Goodwin 1985b American Educational Research Journal, Journal of Educational Psychology Kieffer et al American Educationa Research Journal, Journal of Counseling Psychology Baumberger and Bangert 1996 Journal of Learning Disabilities Hutchinson and Lovell 2004 Journal of Higher Education, Review of Higher Education, Research in Higher Education Edgington 1964 Edgington 1974 Journal of Abnormal Psychology, Journal of Applied Psychology, Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology, Journal of Consulting Psychology, Journal of Educational Psychology, Journal of Experimental Psychology Journal of Abnormal Psychology, Journal of Applied Psychology, Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology, Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, Journal of Educational Psychology, Journal of Experimental Psychology, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology Schinka et al Journal of Personality Assessment Bangert and Baumberger 2005 Journal of Counseling & Development Reid and Andereck 1989 Crawford-Welch 1992 Baloglu and Assante 1999 Journal of Travel Research, Annals of Tourism Research, Tourism Management Cornell Hotel and Restaurant Administraion Quarterly, International Journal of Hospitality Management, FIU Hospitality Review, Hospitality Education and Research Journal, Journal of Travel Resarch Cornell Hotel and Restaurant Administraion Quarterly, Hospitality Education and Research Journal, International Journal of Hospitality Management, FIU Hospitality Review, International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management Van Doren and Heit 1973 Journal of Leisure Research Riddick et al Journal of Leisure Research Grazer and Stiff 1987 Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science, Journal of Marketing, Journal of Marketing Research, Journal of Consumer Research Bedini and Wu 1994 Therapeutic Recreation Journal
5 Goodwin and Goodwin, 1985a Goodwin and Goodwin 1985b Baumberger and Bangert, 1996 Bangert and Baumberger, 2005 JSM Quarterman et al American Educational Research Journal Wilson, 1980 Goodwin and Goodwin 1985b Kieffer et al Willson 1980 Goodwin and Goodwin 1985bElmore and Woehlke 1988 Edgington 1964, 1974 Reid and Andereck 1989 Sport Marketing Quarterly Quarterman et al American Educational Research Journal Journal of Educational Psychology Goodwin and Goodwin, 1985b Hutchison and Lovell 2004 Journal of Higher Education Review of Higher Education Research in Higher Education Elmore and Woehlke 1988 American Educational Research Journal Educational Researcher Review of Educational Research Baloglu and Assante 1999 Crawford-Welch 1992Grazer and Diff 1987 Reid and Andereck 1989
6 Quarterman et al JSM Mowrey, 2003 Quarterman et al., 2005 Mondello and Pedersen, 2003 ESMQ JSM SMR JSM Balduck et al., 2004; Barber et al., 2001; Jamieson et al., 1994; Olfason, 1990; Pitts and Pedersen, 2005; Quarterman et al., 2006 ESMQ SMQ Balduck et al RQ1 ESMQ JSM SMR RQ2 ESMQ JSM SMR RQ3 ESMQ JSM SMR ESMQ JSM SMR ESMQ JSM SMR
7 i.e, ESMQ JSM SMR i.e., i.e., 2000; Hair et al., 2009; Hardy and Bryman, 2009; ; Tabachnick and Fidell, 2007; 2010 Bangert and Baumberger, 2005; Baumberger and Bangert, 1996; Goodwin and Goodwin, 1985a, 1985b; Hutchison and Lovell, 2004; Quarterman et al., ; Riffe et al., 2005 Bangert and Baumberger, 2005; Goodwin and Goodwin, 1985a, 1985b
8 Riffe et al., 2005 RQ1 χ2=2.30, df=4, p=.68 RQ2 ESMQ JSM SMR
9 χ2=4.65, df=12, p=.97 RQ3 ESMQ JSM SMR RQ1 2000; Hair et al., 2009; Hardy and Bryman, 2009; Tabachnick and Fidell, 2007; 2010 t t t z
10 U k-means ESMQ JSM SMR Quarterman et al JSM Quarterman et al. 2006
11 Bangert and Baumberger, 2005; Baumberger and Bangert, 1996; Goodwin and Goodwin, 1985a, 1985b Li et al Baloglu and Assante, 1999; Crawford-Welch, 1992; Elmore and Woehlke, 1988; Goodwin and Goodwin, 1985b; Grazer and Diff, 1987; Hutchison and Lovell, 2004; Reid and Andereck, 1989 ESMQ JSM SMR Mowrey, 2003 Quarterman et al., 2005 Mondello and Pedersen, 2003 Elmore and Woehlke 1988 Kieffer et al., 2001; Goodwin and Goodwin, 1985b; Reid and Andereck, 1989; Wilson, 1980 e.g., Balduck et
12 al., 2004; Barber et al., 2001; Jamieson et al., 1994 e.g., Mondello and Pedersen, 2003; Olfason, 1990; Quarterman et al., 2006 Bangert and Baumberger 2005 Baumberger and Bangert 1996 Goodwin and Goodwin 1985a Goodwin and Goodwin 1985b Quarterman et al ESMQ JSM SMR ESMQ JSM SMR
13 2008 ESMQ JSM SMQ Asian Sport Management Review International of Sport Management International Journal of Sport Management and Marketing ESMQ JSM SMR Quarterman et al Mondello and Pedersen 2003 International Journal of Sports Marketing & Sponsorship Journal of Sport & Tourism Journal of Sports Economics Sport Marketing Quarterly ESMQ JSM SMR Edwards and Skinner, 2009
14 e.g., Bangert and Baumberger, 2005; Barber et al., 2001; Grazer & Stiff, 1987 European Journal of Sport Management ESMQ e.g., 1992 e.g., Hutchison and Lovell Balduck, A. L., Parmentier, A, and Buelens, M. (2004) Research methodology in the domain of sport management: preliminary results of the current stat. Book of abstracts 12th European Sport Management Congress Innovation in Co-operation: Baloglu, S., and Assante, L. M. (1999) A content analysis of subject areas and research methods used in five hospitality management journals. Journal of Hospitality & Tourism Research, 23: Bangert, A., and Baumberger, J. P. (2005) Research and statistical techniques used in the Journal of Counseling & Development: Journal of Counseling & Development, 83: Barber, E. H., Parkhouse, B. L., and Tedrick, T. (2001) A critical review of the methodology of published research in the Journal of Sport Management from 1991 through 1995 as measured by selected criteria. International Journal of Sport Management, 2: Baumberger, J. P., and Bangert, A. W. (1996) Research desighns and statistical techniques used in the Journal of Learning Disabilities, Journal of Learning Disabilities, 18: Bedini, L. A., and Wu, Y. (1994) A methodological review of research in Therapeutic Recreation Journal from 1986 to Therapeutic Recreation Journal, 28: Crawford-Welch, S., and McCleary, K. W. (1992) An identification of the subject areas and research techniques used in five hospitality-related journals. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 11(2): Dann, G., Nash, D., and Pearce, P. (1988) Methodology in tourism research. Annals of Tourism Research, 15: Edgington, E. S. (1964) A tabulation of inferential statistics used in psychology journals. American Psychologist, 19: Edgington, E. S. (1974) A new tabulation of statistical procedures used in APA journals. American Psychologist, 29: Edwards, A., and Skinner, J. (2009) Qualitative Research in Sport Management. Butterworth-Heinemann: Jordan Hill, Oxford, UK. Elmore, P. B., and Woehlke, P. L. (1988) Statistical methods employed in American Educational Research Journal, Educational Researcher, and Review of Educational Research from 1978 to Educational Researcher, 17(9): Goodwin, L. D., and Goodwin, W. L. (1985a) An analysis of statistical techniques used in the Journal of Educational Psychology, Educational Psychologist, 20: Goodwin, L. D., and Goodwin, W. L. (1985b) Statistical
15 techniques in AERJ articles, : The preparation of graduate students to read the educational research literature. Educational Researcher, 14(2): Grazer, W. F., and Stiff, M. R. (1987) Statistical analysis and design in marketing journal articles. Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science, 15: Kieffer, K. M., Reese, R. J., and Bruce, T. (2001) Statistical techniques employed in AERJ and JCP articles from 1988 to 1997: A methodological review. Journal of Experimental Education, 69: Hair, J. F., Jr., Black, W. C., Babin, B. J., & Anderson, R. E. (2009) Multivariate data analysis (7th ed.). Upper Saddle River: Prentice Hall, NJ, USA. Hardy, M., and Bryman, A. (2009) The handbook of data analysis. Sage Publications: City Road, London, UK. Hutchinson, S. R., and Lovell, C. D. (2004) A review of methodological characteristics of research published in key journals in higher education: Implications for graduate research training. Research in Higher Education, 45: Jamieson, L. M., Ross, C. M., and Swartz, J. E. (1994) Research in recreational sports management: A content analysis approach. NIRSA Journal, 19(1): Li, M., Pitts, B., and Quarterman, J. (2008) Research methods in sport management. Fitness Information Technology: Morgantown, WV, USA. K2009 Mondello, M J., and Pedersen, P. M. (2003) A content analysis of the Journal of Sports Economics. Journal of Sports Economics, 4: Mowrey, R. J. (2003) An examination of international sport management research: Content analysis of NASSM, EASM, and SMAANZ conference presentations Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport, 74(1): A Olfason, G. A. (1990) Research design in Sport Management: What's missing, what's needed? Journal of Sport Management, 4: Pitts, B. G., and Pedersen, P. M. (2005) Examining the body of scholarship in sport management: A content analysis of the Journal of Sport Management. The Sport Management and Related Topics Journal, 2(1): Quarterman, J., Jackson, E. N., Kim, K., Yoo, E., Koo, G. Y., Prgger, B., and Han, L. (2006) Statistical data analysis techniques employed in the Journal of Sport Management: January 1987 to October International Journal of Sport Management, 7(1), Quarterman, J., Pitts, B. G., Jackson, E. N., Jr., Kim, K, and Kim, J. (2005) Statistical data analysis techniques employed in Sport Marketing Quarterly: 1992 to Sport Marketing Quarterly, 13: Reid, L. R., and Andereck, K. L. (1989) Statistical analyses use in tourism research. Journal of Travel Research, 28(2): Riddick, C. C., DeSchriver, M., and Weissinger, E. (1984) A methodological review of research in Journal of Leisure Research from 1978 to Journal of Leisure Research, 16: Riffe, D., Lacy, S., and Fico, F. G. (2005) Analyzing media messages: Using quantitative content analysis in research (2nd ed.). Routledge: Oxfordshire, OX, UK. Schinka, J. A., LaLone, L., and Broeckel, J. A. (1997) Statistical methods in personality assessment research. Journal of Personality Assessment, 68: Soucie, D., and Doherty, A. (1996) Past endeavors and future perspectives for sport management research. QUEST, 48: DEA Tabachnick, B. G., and Fidell, L. S. (2007) Using Multivariate Statistics (5th ed.). Pearson Education: Boston, MA, USA SAS SAS Van Doren, C. S., and Heit, M. J. (1973) Where it s at: A content analysis and appraisal of the Journal of Leisure Research. Journal of Leisure Research, 5:
16 Willson, V. L. (1980) Research techniques in AERJ articles: 1969 to Educational Researcher, 9(6): 5-10.
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