* ** Structural Separation in the Broadband Market Viewed from Transaction Cost Hidenori F Yoko N 1985 NTT POTS POTS Key words Broadband, Conduct Regu
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1 * ** Structural Separation in the Broadband Market Viewed from Transaction Cost Hidenori F Yoko N 1985 NTT POTS POTS Key words Broadband, Conduct Regulation, Structural Separation, Transaction Cost, Vertical Integration 1. (Vertical Integration) * ** 19
2 Journal of Global Media Studies Vol. 5 AT&T AT&T 1 RBOC Regional Bell Operating Company NTT 1985 NTT 1999 NTT NTT NTT 2010 [2006b] AT&T RBOC SBC 1985 AT&T AT&T AT&T 2 (Hold up) 2 [2007] 20
3 Double Marginalisation Tirole [1988] 3 4 [2009] Joskow [2006] Rey & Tirole [2007] Riordan [2008] Vertical Foreclosure Cave 1 8 Cave[2006] EU 5 AT&T 6 [2000] 7 Armstrong [1998] 21
4 Journal of Global Media Studies Vol. 5 1 AT&T 1984 NTT 1999 BT Openreach 2006 Cave[2006] EC AT&T 8 EU BT Openreach BT NTT NTT NTT NTT 8 AT&T AT&T RBOC AT&T 9 [2007] POTS: Plain Old Telephone Service IP SBC AT&T MCI [2009] NTT EU
5 1984 AT&T AT&T LATA RBOC LATA POTS AT&T AT&T 1985 NTT NTT 1 NTT NTT 1996 NTT 1999 POTS POTS 10 Local Access And Transport Area 193 LATA 2.4 TV 1984 BT Ofcom Strategic Review of TelecommunicationsBT BT Openreach Ofcom BT BT [2006a] NTT 23
6 Journal of Global Media Studies Vol. 5 IP NTT NTT NTT 2010 ( [2006b]) BT POTS DSL NTT 1, NTT 1, , , , Kamino & Fuke (2008) DSL FTTH FTTH NTT DSL FTTH FTTH FTTH 2008 DSL FTTH NGN Next Generation Network: FTTH NTT NTT 11 NTT FTTH 11 [2007] 24
7 1 NTT 3 FTTH NTT 4 3 NTT FTTH NTT NTT USEN KDDI USEN KDDI FTTH NTT FTTH NTT FTTH NTT MSO Multiple System Operator TV TV MSO TV 25
8 Journal of Global Media Studies Vol MSO MSO Comcast , NTT 10 5 TV NTT FTTH 5 NTT 2008 NTT NTT 1,952,991 1,824, ,308 36,697 7,767 53, DSL FCC DSL 42.0% 52.0 DSL TV MSO 1992 Cable Competition and Consumer Protection Act TV TV VoIP 13 TV Open Access Home Roadrunner ISP MSO (52.4) 30.1 (52.0) ADSL 27.3 (41.9) 24.3 (42.0) 1.4 (2.1) 1.5 (2.6) DSSL 1.0 (1.1) 0.7 (0.7) (1.9) 1.2 (2.1) FCC[2008] DSL 1996 FCC 14 FCC FCC FCC [2003] [2004] CLEC Competitive Local Exchange Carrier 12 FCC 200Kbps Mbps 13 Crandall[2005] 14 FCC[1996] [2000] 26
9 3 FTTx 64Kbps FCC 2005 Information Service DSL Information ServiceFCC [2005] DSL DSL DSL FCC SBC AT&T Verizon MCI FCC 2 FCC MSO TV TV 5. EU 5.1 EU EU EC [1996] POTS POTS 2 27
10 Journal of Global Media Studies Vol. 5 7 LLU % ,580 1,448,407 6,270 3,635,323 13,850 5,083,730 21,035, % ,000 7,900, , ,000 8,000,000 29,200, % ,066 4,574, ,754 1,434, ,820 6,008,000 21,000, % ECTA[2009] 2000 LLU(Local Loop Unbundling) 15 LLU 2004 EU 2000 LLU EC [2000] 2003 LLU TV TV TV DT 16 DT 15 LLU EU TV DT TV 5.2 LLU DSL 7 EU 2.4 BT Ofcom BT Openreach EU EC [2007]ERG European Regulatory Group EU Reding Reding [2006a] (Reding [2006b]) 18 EU ERG 2002 EU htm 28
11 ERG [2007] ERG ERG Ministry of Economics and Technologies EU OECD OECD[2003] 8 EU OPTA OPTA [2004] 8 OECD [2003] LLU TV DSL TV NTT DSL DSL NTT FTTH FTTH NTT LLU 20 EU BT 20 NTT 29
12 Journal of Global Media Studies Vol. 5 POTS 6.2 POTS POTS POTS POTS 3 POTS 1 POTS WiMAX FTTx FTTx VDSL POTS ZC ZC GC GC ISP(IPV4) NGN (IPv6) NGN (IPv6) FTTx WiMax 3 POTS 30
13 1 1 1 FTTH NTT ISP IPV4 NTT IPV6 3 POTS Riorden [2008] NGN Cave Cave [2008] 22 Cave 1 2 POTS Structure Conduct Performance Structure 22 Carlton & Perloff [2005] Williamson [ ] [2000] 31
14 Journal of Global Media Studies Vol. 5 POTS DSL FTTx WiMAX LTE Long Term Evolution FTTH FTTH FTTH Cave Openreach FTTx DSL DSL FTTx 24 Cave 23 POTS 24 DSL FTTH Williamson Bounded Rationality Complexity Uncertainty Opportunism a Small- Number Condition Information Imperfectness Williamson [1985] Asset Speci city Cave Williamson Williamson FTTx Williamson SitePhysicalHuman Dedicated Assets FTTx FTTx FTTx Sunk Cost FTTH 32
15 Commitment FTTH FTTx FTTH FTTH 8 1 FTTH Cave NTT DSL LLU DSL 7. POTS 1950 SCP Structure-Conduct-Performance NTT FTTH NTT 25 Williamson 25 [1995] [2001] 33
16 Journal of Global Media Studies Vol Armstrong, Mark [1998], Network Interconnection In Telecommunications, The Economic Journal, Royal Economic Society, Vol.108, pp Carlton, D. W. & J. M. Perloff, [2005] Modern Industrial Organization Fourth Edition, Pearson 3. Cave, Martin [2006], Six Degrees of Separation: Operational Separation as a Remedy in European Telecommunications Regulation, Communications & Strategies, no.64, pp Cave, Martin [2008], Vertical Integration and the Construction of NGA Networks, A paper commissioned by Telstra 5. Crandall, Robert W. [2005], Competition and chaos, U. S. Telecommunications since the 1996 Telecommunications Act, The Brookings Institute [2006] NTT 6. ECTA [2009], Broadband Scorecards ( ectaportal.com/en/basic650.html) 7. ERG [2007], ERG opinion on Functional Separation, ERG(07)44 8. EC [1996], Directive 96/19amending Directive 90/388 with regard to the implementation of full competition in telecommunications markets (Full Competition Directive) 9. EC [2000] REGULATION (EC) No 2887/2000 OF THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT AND OF THE COUNCIL of 18 December 2000 on unbundled access to the local loop 10. EC [2007], COMMISSION STAFF WORKING DOCUMENT, IMPACT ASSESSMENT, Accompanying document to the Commission proposal for a Directive of the European Parliament and the Council, {COM (2007) 697, COM (2007)698, COM (2007)699, SEC (2007)1473}, 13 November FCC [1996], The First Report & Order on the local Competition Provisions of the Telecommunications Act (FCC ) 12. FCC [2003], Review of the Section 251 Unbundling Obligations of the Telecommunications Act of 1996; Deployment of Wireline Services Offering Advanced Telecommunications Capability; Appropriate Framework for Broadband Access to the Internet over Wireline Facilities. (FCC03-36), 20 February FCC [2004], FCC Releases New Rule for Network Unbundling Obligations of Incumbent Local Phone Carriers, ORDER ON REMAND (FCC ),15 December FCC [2005], FCC Eliminates Mandated Sharing Requirement on Incumbents Wireline Broadband Internet Access Services, Report and order and Notice of Proposed Rulemaking, (FCC ), 23 September FCC [2008], High-Speed Services for Internet Access: Status as of December 31, 2007 ( fjallfoss.fcc.gov/edocs_public/attachmatch/doc A1.pdf) 16. Joskow, Paul L. [2006], Vertical Integration, Prepared for the American Bar Association Antitrust Section7s Issues in Competition Law and Policy Project 17. Kamino, Arata & Fuke, Hidenori [2008] Diffusion of the Broadband Internet and the Structural Separation, a paper presented at 17th Biennial Conference of ITS 18. OECD [2002], The bene ts and Costs of structural separation of the local loop, DSTI/ICCP/TISP (2002)/Final 19. OPTA [2004], Vertical integration: efficiency & foreclosure, Economic Policy Note, no.3, May Reding, Viviane [2006a], The Review 2006 of EU Telecom rules: Strengthening Competition and Completing the Internal Market (Speech/06/422) 21. Reding, Viviane [2006b], From service Competition to Infrastructure Competition: the Policy Options Now on the Table (Speech/06/697) 22. Rey, Patrick & Jan Tirole [2007], A Primer in Foreclosure in Armstrong, Mark & Robert H. Porter (ed.) [2007] Handbook of Industrial Organization Volume 3, North-Holland, pp Riordan, M. H. [2008], Competitive Effects of Vertical Integration, in Handbook of Antitrust Economics, Buccirossi, Paolo (ed.), MIT Press,
17 24. Tirole, J. [1988], The Theory of Industrial Organization, MIT Press 25. Williamson, O.E. [1975], Markets and Hierarchies; Analysis and Antitrust Implications, Free Press 26. Williamson, O.E. [1985], The Economic Institutions of Capitalism, Free Press 27. [1995] 28. [2000] 29. [2001] 30. [2009] [2006a] chousa/tsushin_hosou/pdf/060606_saisyuu.pdf 32. [2006b] soumu.go.jp/joho_tsusin/policyreports/chousa/ tsushin_hosou/pdf/060623_1.pdf [2007] 35
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