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1 Transformation of the Internet and Interconnection Hidenori FUKE 1 ISP ISP 1 1 OTT ASISP 1 Google OTT BIAS 1OTT Keyword: Tier1, Peering, Transit, Essential Facility, OTT ISP OTT Over The Top DeNardis 2014 OTT CDN Content Delivery Network OTT AS Autonomous System DeNardis 2014 ISP
2 Journal of Global Media Studies Vol ISP AS AS 1 IP AS 5 AS ISP AS Peering Transit 6 FCC FCC 2000 ISP ISP 1 3 Bill & keep ISP 7 ISP 3 5 AS Network Reliability and Interoperability Council V Focus Group 4: Interoperability FCC 2001 Norton Paid Peering Faratin et al Faratin et al NDA Non- Disclosure Agreement FCC FCC 2015 Para.202 ISP ISP DeNardis 2014 p ISP 2 ISP 74
3 1 Faratin et al. Faratin et al BGP Border Gateway Protocol Hot Potato Routing 8 ISP 1 1 ISP 9 8 ISP ISP ISP ISP 1 23 ISP 1 DeNardis 2014 p.124 ISP Faratin et al pp ISP ISP ISP ISP ISP ISP ISP 75
4 Journal of Global Media Studies Vol IP ISP 1 OECD ISP 86 4,331 Weller & Woodcock 2013 Weller & Woodcock 2013 p.26 1ISP IP 4 1 Norton 19981Mbps 1,200 1 Norton ISP Faratin et al ISP ISP Krogfoss et al Marcus
5 William B. Norton Dr. Peering 2014 Mbps Telegeography 2015b Telegeography 2015a CDN Netflix ISP ISP ISP CDN CDN ISP CDN CDN FCC BIAS Broadband Internet Access Service BIAS GoogleGoogle AS ISP 9 ISP Google Google ISP Google Google CDN ISP Google CDN ISP ISP 77
6 Journal of Global Media Studies Vol ISP Telegeography FCC 2015BIAS Information Service Telecommunications Service Telegeography 2014 IP IP 1 Google ISP ISP Google Google ISP GoogleAmazon Apple Netflix FCC FCC 2010Transparency No Blocking No Unreasonable Discrimination 12 FCC Verizon 13 FCC FCC FCC 2015 Para.7 FCC 2015 Para.9 BIAS FCC 2015 Para VPN CDN FCC 2015 Para.189 FCC FCC FCC FCC 12 [2010] [2014a] [2014b] 13 Verizon V. Federal Communications Commission, 740 F.3d(D.C.Cir.2014)
7 FCC 2015 Para FCC 2015 Para FCC 2015 Para FCC 2015 Para.107 FCC 2015 Para.105 FCC 2015 Para FCC 2015 Para U.S.C U.S.C BIAS FCC Cable Modem Declaratory Ruling FCC Brand X National Cable & Telecommunications Association v. Brand X Internet Services, 545 US a Wireline Broadband Classification Order FCC 2005b Broadband over Power Line Classification Order FCC Wireless Broadband BIAS FCC 47U.S.C Classification Order FCC IP DNS Domain Name System a 79
8 Journal of Global Media Studies Vol FCC 2002 Para FCC 2002 para BIAS BIAS 1 BIAS Conduit FCC 2015 para.330 BIAS 3 BIAS FCC 2015 para BIAS FCC 2015 para IP DNS DNS FCC 2015 para FCC 2015 para.372 FCC 2015 para.373 BIAS 1996 Title FCC 2015 para.338 BIAS FCC 2015 para.339 FCC 2015 para BIAS 1996 Title FCC FCC 2015 para FCC FCC 2015 para FCC 4 1 CDN Netflix Google Last-mile 2 NetflixLast-mile 80
9 3 FCC 4 FCC Last-mile FCC FCC 2015 PP BIAS CDN CDN BIAS CDN CDN Paid BIAS Netflix FCC BIAS FCC 2015 para BIAS 17 2 FCC 2015 para BIAS ISP 2 3 FCC ISP ISP 10 NTT NTT NTT NTT BIAS Verizon AT&T 17 Bykowsky et al. 2014a BIAS 18 Two-sided market BIAS Bykowsky et al. 2014a 2014b 81
10 Journal of Global Media Studies Vol ISP BIAS BIASVerizon AT&T BIAS Verizon AT&T BIAS BIAS FCC 19 BIAS NTT KDDI ISP NTT 20 NTT ISP BIAS BIAS 19 Werbach NTT FTTH NTT FTTH ISP Google 1 OTT ASISP 1 Google OTT BIAS 1. Bykowsky, Mark M. and William W. Sharkey 2014a, Net Neutrality and Market Power, FCC Office Of Strategic Planning and Policy Analysis July Bykowsky, Mark M. and William W. Sharkey 2014b, Welfare Effects of Paid for Prioritization Services: A Matching Model with Non-Uniform 82
11 Quality of Service, FCC Office Of Strategic Planning and Policy Analysis July DeNardis, Laura 2014, The Global War Over Internet Governance, Yale University Press, Faratin, Peyman, D. Clark, S. Bauer, W. Lehr, P. Gilmore and A. Berger 2008, The Growing Complexity of Internet Interconnection, Communications & Strategies No FCC 2000, The Digital Handshake: connecting Internet Backbones, OPP Working Paper No.32 papers/oppwp32.pdf 6. FCC 2002, In the matter of Inquiry Concerning High-Speed Access to the Internet Over Cable and Other Facilities, Declaratory Ruling and Notice of Proposed Rulemaking FCC FCC 2003, Review of the Section 251 Unbundling Obligations of the Telecommunications Act of 1996; Deployment of Wireline Services Offering Advanced Telecommunications Capability; Appropriate Framework for Broadband Access to the Internet over Wireline Facilities. FCC03-36, 20 February FCC 2004, FCC Releases New Rule for Network Unbundling Obligations of Incumbent Local Phone Carriers, ORDER ON REMAND FCC , 15 December FCC 2005a, FCC Eliminates Mandated Sharing Requirement on Incumbents Wireline Broadband Internet Access Services, Report and order and Notice of Proposed Rulemaking, FCC , 23 September FCC 2005b, In the Matters of Appropriate Framework for Broadband Access to the Internet over Wireline Facilities Universal Service Obligations of Broadband Providers Review of Regulatory Requirements for Incumbent LEC Broadband Telecommunications Services Computer III Further Remand Proceedings: Bell Operating Company Provision of Enhanced Services; 1998 Biennial Regulatory Review Review of Computer III and ONA Safeguards and Requirements Conditional Petition of the Verizon Telephone Companies for Forbearance Under 47 U.S.C. 160(c) with Regard to Broadband Services Provided Via Fiber to the Premises; Petition of the Verizon Telephone Companies for Declaratory Ruling or, Alternatively, for Interim Waiver with Regard to Broadband Services Provided Via Fiber to the Premises Consumer Protection in the Broadband Era, REPORT AND ORDER AND NOTICE OF PROPOSED RULEMAKING FCC FCC 2006, In the Matter of United Power Line Council s Petition for Declaratory Ruling Regarding the Classification of Broadband over Power Line Internet Access Service as an Information Service, Memorandum Opinion and Order FCC FCC 2007, In the Matter of Appropriate Regulatory Treatment for Broadband Access to the Internet Over Wireless Networks, DECLARATORY RULING FCC FCC 2010, Report and order In the Matter of Preserving the Open Internet FCC FCC 2014, NOTICE OF PROPOSED RULEMAKING In the Matter of Preserving the Open Internet FCC FCC 2015, Report and order on remand, declaratory ruling, and order In the Matter of Preserving the Open Internet FCC Krogfoss, Bill, M. Weldon and L. Sofman 2012, Internet Architecture Evolution and the Complex Economics of Content Peering, Bell Labs Technical Journal 17 1, Wiley Periodicals, Inc. 17. Marcus J. Scott 2014,The Economic impact of Internet traffic growth on network operators: Wikconsult Draft Report for submission to Google 18. Network Reliability and Interoperability Council V Focus Group 4: Interoperability FCC 2001, Service Provider Interconnection for Internet Protocol Best Effort Service d/0bwgxfz7q4c0vuxjcywezsmxdx0k/ edit?pli=1 19. Norton, William B. 2011, Internet Peering Playbook Connecting to the Core of the Internet, Dr. Peering Press 20. Norton, William B. Dr. Peering 2014, Internet 83
12 Journal of Global Media Studies Vol Transit Tricks, 30 April net/askdrpeering/blog/articles/ask_drpeering/ Entries/2014/4/30_Internet_Transit_Tricks.html 21. Telegeography 2014, IP transit forecast service, 8 July com/research-services/ip-transit-forecast-service/ 22. Telegeography 2015a, IP Transit Forecast Service Telegeography 2015b, IP transit price and peering trends yield regional revenue divide, 9 July commsupdate/articles/2015/07/09/ip-transit-priceand-peering-trends-yield-regional-revenue-divide/ 24. Weller, D. and B. Woodcock 2013, Internet Traffic Exchange: Market Developments and Policy Challenge, OECD Digital Economy Papers, No.207, OECD Publishing. net/askdrpeering/blog/articles/ask_drpeering/ Entries/2014/4/30_Internet_Transit_Tricks.html 25. Werbach, Kevin 2009, The centripetal network: How the Internet holds itself together and the forces tearing it apart. US Davis Law Review, Vol.42 P a ICT World Review June/July 2014 Vol.7 No.2 pp b ICT World Review August/September 2014 Vol.7 No.7 pp ICT World Review April/May 2015 Vol.8 No.1 pp InfoCom Review 50 pp pp JOURNAL OF GLOBAL MEDIA STUDIES, Vol.13 pp
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* ** Structural Separation in the Broadband Market Viewed from Transaction Cost Hidenori F Yoko N 1985 NTT POTS POTS Key words Broadband, Conduct Regulation, Structural Separation, Transaction Cost, Vertical
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Trade and Trade Finance in the 200809 Financial Crisis, IMF Working Paper WP/11/16., Understanding the Great Trade Collapse of 200809 and the Subsequent Trade Recovery, Economic Perspectives, 2Q/2011.
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