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1 Chapter 2 Comparative Economic Development 比較経済発展 Copyright 2009 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved.
2 Common Characteristics of developing countries 途上国の共通特徴 Lower levels of living and productivity 低い水準の生活水準と生産性 Lower levels of human capital 低い人水準の人的資本 Higher levels of inequality and absolute poverty 高い水準の不平等と絶対貧困 Higher population growth rates 高い人口成長率 Greater social fractionalization 比較的大きな社会分割 ( 分断 ) 性 Larger rural population- rapid migration to cities 大規模な農村人口と都市への快速的労働移動 Lower levels of industrialization and manufactured exports 低いレベルの工業化と工業製品の輸出 Adverse geography 不利的地理条件 Underdeveloped financial and other markets 未発達的金融および市場 Colonial legacies- poor institutions etc. 植民地の遺産 : 貧弱なインフラ Copyright 2009 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved. 2-2
3 Defining the Developing World 途上国を定義する World Bank Scheme- ranks countries on GNP/capita 世界銀行の基準 -1 人当たり GNP でランキング LIC 低所得 LMC 低中所得 UMC 中高所得, OECD (see Table 2.1 and figure 2.1) 表の 1 図の 2 を参照 Copyright 2009 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved. 2-3
4 Table 2.1 Classification of Economies by Region and Income, 2007 表の 2 地域 所得別の経済分類 Copyright 2009 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved. 2-4
5 Table 2.1 Classification of Economies by Region and Income, 2007 (continued) 表の 2 地域 所得別の経済分類 ( つづく ) (Latin America and the Caribbean) (Sub-Saharan Africa) Copyright 2009 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved. 2-5
6 Table 2.1 Classification of Economies by Region and Income, 2007 (continued) 表の 2 地域 所得別の経済分類 ( つづく ) Copyright 2009 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved. 2-6
7 Figure 2.1 Nations of the World, Classified by GNI Per Capita 図の２.1１人当たりＧＮＩで分類した世界各国 Copyright 2009 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved. 2-7
8 Measuring Development for Quantitative Comparison across Countries 量的比較のための諸国の発展の測定 Gross National Income (GNI) 国民所得 Gross Domestic Product (GDP) 国内総生産 PPP method instead of exchange rates as conversion factors (see figure 2.2) 購買力平価図 2.2 を参照 Copyright 2009 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved. 2-8
9 Figure 2.2 Income Per Capita in Selected Countries 選択した国の 1 人当たり所得 Copyright 2009 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved. 2-9
10 Table 2.2 A Comparison of Per Capita GNI, 人当たり GNI の比較 2005 Copyright 2009 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved. 2-10
11 Some Basic Indicators of Development 発展計りの基本指標 Health 健康 Life Expectancy 平均寿命 Education 教育 HDI as a holistic measure of living levels 人的発展指数 HDI also varies for groups within countries HDI also varies by region in a country HDI also reflects rural-urban differences Copyright 2009 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved. 2-11
12 Table 2.3 Commonality and Diversity: Some Basic Indicators 共通性と多様性 : 基本指標 Copyright 2009 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved. 2-12
13 Figure 2.3 Human Development Disparities within Selected Countries 選択した国の中の人的資本の差 Copyright 2009 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved. 2-13
14 Figure 2.3 Human Development Disparities within Selected Countries (continued) 選択した国の中の人的資本の差 ( つづく ) Copyright 2009 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved. 2-14
15 Table 2.4 Human Development for 23 Selected Countries (2004 Data) 選択した国の人的発展 Copyright 2009 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved. 2-15
16 Table 2.4 Human Development for 23 Selected Countries (2004 Data) (continued) 選択した国の人的発展 ( つづく ) Copyright 2009 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved. 2-16
17 Table 2.5 Human Development Index Variations for Similar Incomes (2004 Data) 所得の近づく国でも人的発展は異なる Copyright 2009 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved. 2-17
18 10 Characteristics of the Developing World: Diversity within Commonality 途上国の特徴 : 共通点の中の差 1. Lower levels of living and productivity 2. Lower levels of human capital (health, education, skills) 3. Higher Levels of Inequality and Absolute Poverty Absolute Poverty World Poverty 4. Higher Population Growth Rates Crude Birth rates Copyright 2009 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved. 2-18
19 Figure 2.4 Shares of Global Income, 2005 グローバル所得の割合 Copyright 2009 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved. 2-19
20 Table 2.6 The 12 Most and Least Populated Countries and Their Per Capita Income, 2005 人口の多い国と少ない国および 1 人当たり所得 2005 年 Copyright 2009 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved. 2-20
21 Figure 2.5 Under-5 Mortality Rates, 1990 and 歳以下の子供も死亡率 年 Copyright 2009 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved. 2-21
22 Table 2.7 Primary School Enrollment and Pupil-Teacher Ratios 小学校の入学率と小学校の生徒 - 教師比率 Copyright 2009 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved. 2-22
23 Figure 2.6 Correlation between Under-5 Mortality and Mother s Education 5 歳以下子供の死亡率と母親の教育レベルの相関関係 Copyright 2009 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved. 2-23
24 Figure 2.7 People Living in Poverty, 世界の貧困人口 年 Copyright 2009 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved. 2-24
25 Table 2.8 Crude Birth Rates Around the World, 2005 世界各国の粗出生率 Copyright 2009 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved. 2-25
26 10 Characteristics of the Developing World: Diversity within Commonality 途上国の特徴 : 共通点の中の異 5. Greater Social Fractionalization 大きな社会極細性 6. larger Rural Populations but Rapid Rural-to-Urban Migration 大規模な農村人口と速い農村 - 都市移民 ( 労働移動 ) 7. Lower levels of Industrialization and Manufactured Exports 低いレベルの工業化と製造品の輸出 8. Adverse Geography 不利な地理条件 Resource endowments Copyright 2009 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved. 2-26
27 Table 2.9 The Urban Population in Developed Countries and Developing Regions 途上特と先進国の都市人口 Copyright 2009 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved. 2-27
28 Table 2.10 Share of the Population Employed in the Industrial Sector in Selected Countries, (%) 工業部門に就職している人口の割合 Copyright 2009 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved. 2-28
29 10 Characteristics of the Developing World: Diversity within Commonality 途上国の特徴 : 共通点の中の異 9. Underdeveloped Financial and Other markets 未発達的金融市場および市場 Imperfect markets 不完全市場 Incomplete information 不完全情報 10. Colonial Legacy and external dependence 植民地の遺産と外部への依存性 Institutions 制度 Private property 私的財産 Personal taxation 個人税の制度 Taxes in cash rather than in kind 申告より現金で支払い税金 Copyright 2009 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved. 2-29
30 Low Income Countries Today And Developed Countries Then 今の低所得国 そして先進国 Eight differences 八つの違い Physical and human resource endowments 物資的人的資本の量的賦存 Per capita incomes and levels of GDP 1 人当たりの所得とレベル Climate 気候 Population size, distribution, and growth 人口サイズ 分布および成長 Historic role of international migration 国際移民の歴史的役割 International trade benefits 国際貿易の利益 Scientific/technological research 科学 技術研究 Efficacy of domestic institutions 国内制度の有効性 Copyright 2009 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved. 2-30
31 Convergence? 収斂? Evidence of unconditional convergence is hard to find 無条件収斂は難しい Per capita income convergence? 1 人当たり所得の収斂 Copyright 2009 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved. 2-31
32 Figure 2.8 Convergence among OECD Countries but Divergence in the World as a Whole OECD 諸国の中は収斂が その他の国は? Copyright 2009 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved. 2-32
33 Figure 2.9 Per Capita GDP Growth in 125 Developing Countries, カ国の 1 人当たり GDP の散布図 Copyright 2009 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved. 2-33
34 Figure 2.10 Growth Convergence and Absolute Income Convergence 成長率の収斂と絶対所得の収斂 Copyright 2009 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved. 2-34
35 Long-Run causes of Comparative Development 比較発展の長期的要因 Schematic Representation 想像 Geography 地理 Institutional quality- colonial and post-colonial 制度の質ー植民地と植民地後 Colonial legacy 植民地の遺産 - pre colonial comparative advantage 植民地前の比較優位 Evolution and timing of European development 欧州発展の進化とタイミング Inequality- human capital 不平等ー人的資本 Type of colonial regime 植民地政権の種類 Copyright 2009 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved. 2-35
36 Figure 2.11 Schematic Representation of Leading Theories of Comparative Development 図の説明 : 比較発展の主な理論 Copyright 2009 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved. 2-36
37 Role of Institutions 制度の役割 Acemoglu, Johnson, and Robinson s reversal of fortune 運命の逆転 and extractive institutions 引き出す制度 Bannerjee and Iyer s, property rights institutions. 財産所有権の制度 Landlords versus cultivators 地主と耕作民 Copyright 2009 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved. 2-37
38 Case Study: Pakistan ケーススタディ : パキスタン Copyright 2009 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved. 2-38
39 Case Study: Bangladesh Copyright 2009 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved. 2-39
40 Concepts for Review 概念の復習 Absolute poverty Brain drain Crude birthrate Convergence Death rate Dependency burden Developed world Economic Institutions Foreign exchange Gross domestic product (GDP) Gross national product (GNP) Human Development Index (HDI) Imperfect markets Income gap Income inequality Incomplete information Copyright 2009 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved. 2-40
41 Concepts for Review (cont d) Infant mortality rate International poverty line Labor productivity Least developed countries (LLDCs) Levels of living Low income countries (LICs) Malnutrition Middle-income countries (MICs) Mixed economic systems Newly industrialized countries (NICs) Physical resources Copyright 2009 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved. 2-41
42 Concepts for Review (cont d) Primary industrial sector Production function Purchasing power equivalent Purchasing power parity (PPP) Resource endowment Secondary industrial sector Tertiary industrial sector World Bank Copyright 2009 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved. 2-42
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資料 2 所得階層別人口推計について 今回の推計結果は 前回の将来推計値に比べ 高所得層が減少し 中間所得層 ( 上位 下位中間層 ) が増加 ( 注 ) 前回 今回 推計方法 高所得層の推計は 一人あたり GDP の対数形を高所得世帯比率に回帰 高所得層の推計は 一人あたり GDP の2 乗及び3 乗を高所得世帯比率に回帰 (3 次曲線 ) 推計結果 高所得層 2010 年 :0.8 億人 2020
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