1 1 2 a b c d a b c 3 1. はじめに 権威主義体制と選挙はいかなる関係にあるのか? Larry Diamond electoral democracy 2 227
45 3 4 5 2. 現代中国の 選挙民主主義 と選挙研究 ⑴ 中華人民共和国における主な選挙の種類と制度改革の概要 a 1980 6 7 228
8 2000 3 9 9 1 2011 4 1 1 1 10 11 12 2000 13 14 b 1990 2000 1998 99 229
45 15 2001 7 16 c 2005 10 13 217 17 18 17 2007 6 16 400 200 230
19 20 d 21 1990 22 90 23 24 25 26 231
45 27 party-state system 28 ⑵ 村民委員会選挙を事例とする中国の 選挙民主主義 29 a 1982 30 3 7 3 18 232
2009 59 9,000 1987 11 98 11 31 2010 10 10 3 6 32 1980 90 Ford Foundation Asia Foundation Carter Center 90 33 b 4 1990 1990 98 233
45 access to power 34 1 Melanie Manion 35 c 2 36 1 Jie Lu 2012 6 2002 05 98 2000 1 1 b 1 b & c c b & c 234
2005 2 1 d 1998 7 87 20 37 1 a & b & c 2002 05 4 1 e 38 Fubing Su 39 2 1 235
45 40 2 41 Robert D. Putnam 42 43 236
44 2 1990 45 46 3. おわりに 2 party-state system 237
45 2000 238
表 1 全国の村民委員会選挙における法定手続きの履行状況 (2002 年と 05 年の二時点比較 ) 1 選挙管理委員会の設立 a 2 b c 2002 2005 42.7 39.6 3.1 14.1 8.7 5.4 37.8 42.7 4.9 17.8 4.0 13.8 3.3 1.3 2.0 3.3 2.4 0.9 2 候補者の推薦 a 3 b c 2002 2005 36.5 55.7 19.2 33.6 16.9 16.7 17.8 3.2 14.6 15.8 4.0 11.8 4.6 0.5 4.1 36.1 16.6 19.5 8.2 2.9 5.3 3 正式候補者の決定 a b c 239
45 2002 年 2005 年 35.7% 37.0% +1.3 49.0% 46.4% -2.6 9.5% 5.0% -4.5 9.1% 5.0% -4.1 5.0% 0.5% -4.5 5.0% 1.9% -3.1 0.4% 4.0% +3.6 4 差額選挙 での投票 a 2002 2005 85.1 91.6 6.5 86.3 95.3 9.0 5 選挙の各段階ごとの遵法状況 a 4 b c 4 d 17 e 2002 05 2002 2005 42.3 48.5 6.2 51.9 75.7 23.8 29.5 36.9 7.4 79.7 91.0 11.3 11.2 16.6 5.4 Jie Lu, Varieties of Electoral Institutions in China s Grassroots Democracy: Cross- Sectional and Longitudinal Evidence from Rural China, The China Quarterly, no. 210 June 2012, pp. 486 487. 240
注 1 2012 8 2012 10 20 2 Larry Diamond, Developing Democracy: Toward Consolidation Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1999, p. 10. 3 Jennifer Gandhi, Political Institutions under Dictatorship New York: Cambridge University Press, 2008 ; Steven Levitsky and Lucian A. Way, Competitive Authoritarianism: Hybrid Regimes after the Cold War New York: Cambridge University Press, 2010. 4 Jennifer Gandhi and Ellen Lust-Okar, Elections under Authoritarianism, Annual Review of Political Science, vol. 12, June 2009, p. 404. 5 Kevin J. O Brien, Introduction: Understanding China s Grassroots Elections, in Kevin J. O Brien and Suisheng Zhao eds., Grassroots Elections in China London and New York: Routledge, 2011, xi. 6 1 2 7 3 2012 131 134 2009 11 1 8 2001 159 9 2011 2012 2012 10 13 1 10 136 11 2010 3 9 12 12 2010 2 71 13 2012 202 204 He Junzhi, Independent Candidates in China s Local People s Congress: A Typology, Journal of Contemporary China, vol. 19, no. 64, March 2010. 241
45 14 2011 7 3 15 57 4 2003 4 1 16 14 15 17 2010 421 18 54 2008 3 72 19486 2007 12 163 20 3 610 2012 4 13 21 O Brien, Introduction, xiii. 1999 2009 Journal of Contemporary China 2001 Larry Diamond The China Quarterly 2 10 Larry Diamond and Ramon H. Myers eds. Elections and Democracy in Greater China Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press, 2001. 22 2006 38 23 159 24 9 2005 3 33 34 25 56 1 2002 1 7 10 38 242
26 2000 62 56 1 2002 1 7 10 27 Gunter Schubert, Studying Democratic Governance in Contemporary China: Looking at the Village Is Not Enough, Journal of Contemporary China, vol. 18, no. 60, June 2009, p. 385. 28 51 52 2009 194 660 1999 4 211 29 Jie Lu, Varieties of Electoral Institutions in China s Grassroots Democracy: Cross-Sectional and Longitudinal Evidence from Rural China, The China Quarterly, no. 210 June 2012, p. 482. 30 247 2011 3 2010 10 31 1987 98 5 2000 384 1999 6 32 Kevin J. O Brien and Rongbin Han, Path to Democracy?: Assessing Village Election in China, Journal of Contemporary China, vol. 18, no. 60, June 2009, p. 363. 33 Kevin J. O Brien and Liangjiang Li, Accommodating Democracy in a One- Party State: Introducing Village Elections in China, The China Quarterly, no. 162 June 2000, p. 484. 203 China Elections and Governance Review http://www.cartercenter. org/news/publications/peace/china_elections_governance_review.html 34 O Brien and Han, Path to Democracy?, p. 367. 35 Melanie Manion, How to Asses Village Election in China, Journal of 243
45 Contemporary China, vol. 18, no. 60, June 2009, p. 379. 1 36 O Brien, Introduction, xi Allen Carlson et al., Contemporary Chinese Politics: New Sources, Methods, and Field Strategies New York: Cambridge University Press, 2010. 37 Lu, Varieties of Electoral Institutions in China s Grassroots Democracy, p. 488. 38 Ibid., p. 490. 39 Fubing Su, Tao Ran, Xin Sun and Mingxing Liu, Clans, Electoral Procedures and Voter Turnout: Evidence from Villagers Committee Elections in Transitional China, Political Studies, vol. 59, no. 2 June 2011. 40 Ibid., p. 432. 41 Ibid., p. 433. 42 D Robert D. Putnam, Making Democracy Work: Civic Traditions in Modern Italy, 1993 NTT 2001 43 O'Brien and Han, Path to Democracy?, pp. 374 376. 44 9 45 2008 10 50 1993 8,700 2005 10 8 7,000 06 9 2008 10 16 06 09 2 08 12 7,467 350 1,217 5,600 6 9,650 5 7,817 31 22 2009 2 10 11 46 2010 2012 3 1 http://wedge.ismedia.jp/ articles/-/1754?page 1 2012 9 17 244