No.7, 125-135 (2006) GATT GATT A Stormy Life of GATT Concentrating on a Development Stage of GATT Regime HORIUCHI Hiroshi Nihon University, Graduate School of Social Culture Studies GATT was established as a third institution, after the World War II, to handle the trade side of international economic cooperation, joining the two Bretton Woods institutions, the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund. GATT was designed to provide an early boost to trade liberalization, and begin to correct the legacy of protectionist measures which remained in place from the early 1930s. From 1948 to 1994, GATT provided the rules for much of world trade and presided over periods that saw some of the highest growth rates in international commerce. GATT helped establish a strong and prosperous multilateral trading system that became more liberal through the eight rounds of trade negotiations. It seemed well-established, but throughout those 47 years, it was a provisional agreement and organization. By the 1980s, the system needed a thorough overhaul which led to the Uruguay Round, ultimately to the World Trade Organization. 1 GATT 2006 1 1 59 GATT 1995 WTO, World Trade Organization WTO GATT General Agreement on FTA Free Trade Agreement Tariffs and Trade 2005 1 4 122 1 GATT WTO 2005 12 GATT 149 GATT IMF, International Monetary Fund 1 JETRO WTO/FTA Column Volume 034 2005 1 20 2 WTO, The Understanding the WTO,The Understanding the WTO, WTO Information and Media Relations Division, 2005 17
GATT GATT ITO GATT 1944 44 EPA Economic Partnership Agreement 2005 12 ASEAN 3 13 1945 12 ITO, International Trade Organization 1930 3 20 GATT GATT WTO 1945 ITO 1947 2 GATT 1948 3 52 ITO ITO ITO 1951 3 ) 1929 33 GATT 7 1947 10 1931 ITO GATT 1948 1 1 ITO ITO 2004 28 29 J. M. 126
GATT GATT 8 4 23 1 1 GATT WTO 5 GATT WTO 1995 8 1947 GATT, 23 4 5 GATT 2 3 GATT 1956 4 5 6 7 1930 6 62 GATT 102 7 GATT GATT 7 GATT 1986 2 8 1990 12 5 Torby D. Douglas Dillon J. 2003 31 6 ) WTO GATT GATT 2000 66 7 1970 GATT 3 GATT 4 GATT 1950 WTO 1996 14 19 127
GATT GATT EU GATT 1952 7 1955 GATT 1994 8 123 GATT GATT GATT GATT 21 WTO GATT WTO GATT - The GATT Trade Rounds Year Place/name Subjects Covered Countrie s GATT 1947 Geneva Tariffs 23 1949 Annecy Tariffs 13 1950 Torquay Tariffs 38 GATT 1956 Geneva Tariffs 26 GATT 1960 Geneva Tariffs 26 1961 (Dillon Round) 3 1948 9 1964 Geneva Tariffs and anti-dumping 62 UPU 1967 (Kennedy Round) measures Universal Postal Union 1973 Geneva Tariffs, non-tariffs 102 ILO, International Labor Organization 1979 (Tokyo Round) measures, framework agreements FAO, Food and Agriculture of the United Nation 1986 Geneva Tariffs, non-tariff 123 1994 (Uruguay Round) measures, rules, service, intellectual property, dispute settlement, textile, agriculture, creation of WTO, etc GATT GATT WTO Understanding the WTO, WTO Information and Media Relations Division 2005 17 1 1947 10 2: 1950 3 1951 6 4 1956 GATT 5 2001 WTO GATT 128
GATT GATT GATT GATT GATT 1930 GATT GATT 1953 GATT 23 19 20 GATT GATT GATT 1930 GATT35 GATT 1960 GATT 8 35 GATT 8 GATT 6 WTO 15 GATT 36 1986 1985 125-127 GATT GATT 1950 GATT 1986 129
GATT 9 10 ) 1950 GATT GATT WTO 2001 11 GATT19 11 WTO (Chinese Taipei) GATT, 1991 GATT GATT19 200 1974 201 GATT WTO WTO ASEAN 1992 460 WTO GATT WTO13 12 WTO WTO 9 1993 2 EC 2001 WTO WTO WTO 15 GATT WTO 1996 15 10 ) WTO 3 WTO GATT35 WTO 8 10 2005 WTO 2005 380 382 EC WTO 11 GATT19 3 2003 406 2 12 WTO13 WTO13 GATT GATT35 88 130
WTO 402 13 1944 45 GATT 1 14 WTO WTO ( ) 7 F. 1941 12 8 12 7 H. 8 1942 8 9 6 1943 11 2 1948 1 13 1974 402 Jackson Vanik 65 14 WTO WTO A B WTO α 5 B 1948 1930 50 171 131
GATT GATT GATT GATT GATT 1952 7 GATT 1951 9 4 GATT GATT GATT 1930 6 15 52 49 1928 39 4 1932 15 1997 52 132
59 16 1974 301 301 1970 1958 EC R. GATT 1971 10 1955 GATT 1974 EC STR Special Trade Representative ASEAN 1980 MIT L. GATT 17 1989 GATT 1947 10 1995 1980 1970 1970 GATT 16 1997 102 17 8 133
GATT 47 4 1951 6 GATT GATT GATT GATT 1995 GATT WTO 21 GATT L. GATT GATT GATT 21 WTO FTA EPA GATT A Stormy Life of GATT GATT WTO 47 8 WTO GATT GATT GATT 1948 GATT 134
1 2005 18 WTO 2005 1984 2 19 2004 1980 3 2003 20 4 GATT WTO 1976 2002 5 WTO 2001 1 WTO,The Understanding the WTO, WTO Information and 6 WTO 2000 Media Relations Division, 2005 17 7 2 J. WTO 1999 2005 10 17 25 8 3 WTO, The Understanding the WTO- The GATT Years: from 1999 Havana tomarrakesh, Information and Media Relations, 9 1997 http:// www.wto.org/english/the wto_e/tif_e/fact4_e.htm 10 2006 5 1997 4 WTO, The Understanding the WTO-The Uruguay Round, 11 WTO 1996 12 Stephen D. Cohen, The Making of United States International http:// www.wto.org/english/the wto_e/tif_e/fact4_e.htm 2006 5 1 Economic Policy: Principles, Problems, and Proposals for Reforms, 4 th ed., Praeger Publishers, 1994 5 WTO The World Compass 2002 7 8 S. D. http://mitsui.mgssi.com/compass/html/0207/toku_03.html 2006 5 3 1995 13 (Received: May 31, 2006) 1990 (Issued in internet Edition: July 1, 2006) 14 Robert E. Hudec, Developing Countries in the GATT Legal System, 1987 Trade Policy Research Centre. R. E. 1992 15 Bhagwati,, Jagdish, Protectionism, The MIT Press 1989 16 1986 17 1985 135