æ 1 2 3 rentier state s rent æ æ 1 Zanoyan 2 Gambill æ 3 æ 1987 Luciani Beblawi The Rentier State 4 Luciani Beblawi Luciani 40 æ World Development Indicators 10 1 UNDP 10 / æ æ No.37 2004 19

æ Sadowski æ 5 æ æ Beblawi Luciani æ æ Brynen æ 6 æ Nontax revenue % of total current revenue Polity 1990 2001 10 10 7 1 7 1 100 1 2.50 2.50 35 66 6 4 6 71 1.38 60 60 3 6 6 72 0.36 97 90 7 5 4 48 0.08 41 44 7 7 7 100 1.93 73 73 9 5 6 71 0.5 25 41 7 3 4 51 0.7 43 38 2 5 5 68 0.11 U A E 62 48 8 5 6 76 0.51 22 42 7 5 3 34 0.34 43 61 2 6 5 69 0.63 æ Polity æ æ æ æ The World Bank, 2004 World Development Indicators, Washington, D.C. 2004 A1.1 æ ÚUNDP 2002 Æ 2002 20

æ æ æ æ 10 rent æ æ æ æ Beblawi Luciani 7 1,000 1 410,595 2 321,692 3 287,933 4 182,997 5 164,146 6 163,000 7 159,628 8 158,625 9 126,452 10 117,882 104,670 99,308 47,629 30,809 1,878 United Nations, 2000 Energy Statistics Yearbook, New York 2002 No.37 2004 21

æ æ 8 æ æ Anderson 9 1980 10 Luciani Beblawi 11 semi rentier states æ æ Ross 22

æ 12 æ æ æ æ æ æ Mahdavy 13 Beblawi æ Mahdavy æ external rent 14 Mahdavy 1960 Mahdavy 15 16 æ 17 Mahdavy 30 18 19 Mahdavy No.37 2004 23

Mahdavy 20 æ Mahdavy Beblawi Luciani Beblawi Luciani 1979 Skocpol 21 Shambayati 1970 22 Shambayati Okruhlik 1 23 Okruhlik 24

æ 24 Okruhlik 25 Brynen æ 26 3 10 90 60 80 æ 27 1961 IMF Nontax Revenue Grants Total Revenue Nontax Revenue International Monetary Fund, Government Finance Statistics Yearbook 2002, Washington, D. C. : 2002 No.37 2004 25

3 4 1976 1981 2 1982 1986 7 1990 92 1996 99 2003 æ 21 1920 20 28 1973 75 29 2002 40 40 40 2002 30 31 1999 2004 4 2 2004 18 45 45 30 15 26

æ æ 1991 3 2003 5 3 1991 1 94 2 97 3 5 1000 2000 4 17 5000 2003 5 82 æ æ 1932 1962 æ 1975 1980 æ 32 1994 33 1990 11 43 1991 5 472 1992 8 50 2003 1 104 æ 3 1 34 4 24 448 35 6 æ 36 No.37 2004 27

2003 10 1 3 37 æ æ æ æ æ 1980 80 38 1990 39 æ æ 1995 98 2003 4 18 96 2004 40 1999 2002 æ æ 2004 28

æ 41 19 21 42 æ æ æ æ æ æ æ æ æ 43 æ æ æ æ 1 The Economist Saudi Arabian Murmurs : Palpitations at the Kingdom s Heart 2002 8 24 Saudi Arabian Reform : Praying to Make their Kingdom Nicer 2003 1 11 Arab Democratic Reform : Arab Reform, or Arab Performance? 2003 7 19 æ No.37 2004 29

2 Zanoyan, V., After the Oil Boom : The Holidays Ends in the Gulf, Foreign Affairs, November / December 1995. Zanoyan unearned income 3 Gambill, G. C., Explaining the Arab Democracy Deficit : Part 1, Middle East Intelligence Bulletin, Vol.5, No.2, February March 2003. 4 Beblawi, H. and G. Luciani eds., The Rentier State, London : Croom Helm, 1987. 5 Sadowski, Y., The New Orientalism and the Democracy Debate, Middle East Report, No.183, 1993. 6 Brynen, R., B. Korany, and P. Noble, Introduction : Theoretical Perspective on Arab Liberalization and Democratization, in R. Brynen, B. Korany, and P. Noble eds., Political Liberalization & Democratization in the Arab World, Boulder : Lynne Rienner, 1995, Vol.1, p.4. 7 Beblawi, H., The Rentier State in the Arab World, in Beblawi and Luciani eds., The Rentier... Luciani, G., Allocation vs. Production States : A Theoretical Framework, in Beblawi and Luciani eds., The Rentier... 8 9 Anderson, L., The State in the Middle East and North Africa, Comparative Politics, Vol.20, No.1, 1987, p.1. ; Hudson, M. C., After the Gulf War : Prospects for Democratization in the Arab World, Middle East Journal, Vol.45, No.3, 1991, pp.407 408. 10 Anderson Zartman æ Ú Æ 1994 11 Beblawi, The Rentier State..., pp.59 61 ; Luciani, Allocation..., pp.78 81. 12 Ross, M. L., Does Oil Hinder Democracy?, World Politics, No.53, April 2000, p.330. 13 Mahdavy, H., The Patterns and Problems of Economic Development in Rentier States: The Case of Iran, in M. A. Cook ed., Studies in the Economic History of the Middle East : From the Rise of Islam to the Present Day, London : Oxford University Press, 1970. 14 Beblawi, The Rentier State..., p.51. 15 Mahdavy, The Patterns..., p.429. 16 Ibid., p.432. 17 Ibid., pp.435 436. Mahdavy Luciani Beblawi 18 æ Ú Æ No.35 2003 7 8 19 æ resource curse 20 Mahdavy, The Patterns..., pp.466 467. 21 Skocpol, T., Rentier State and Shi a Islam in the Iranian Revolution, Theory and Society, Vol.11, No.3, 1982. 22 Shambayati, H., The Rentier State, Interest Groups, and the Paradox of Autonomy : State and Business in Turkey and Iran, Comparative Politics, Vol.26, No. 3, 1994. 23 Okruhlik, G., Rentier Wealth, Unruly Law, and the Rise of Opposition : The Political Economy of Oil State, Comparative Politics, April 1999. 24 Ibid., pp.297 300. 25 Ibid., p.301. 26 Brynen, Korany, and Noble, Introduction :..., p.16. 30

æ 27 Zahlan, R. S., The Making of the Modern Gulf States: Kuwait, Bahrain, Qatar, the United Arab Emirates and Oman, Reading : Ithaca, 2002 revised and updated edition. 28 æ Ú Æ 1999 68 71 29 Zahlan, The Making of..., pp.72 74. 30 GCC æ Úpoint of viewæ http://www.jiia.or.jp/report/shiten/0310_matsumoto. html 31 æ Ú Æ Vol.2, No.3 2003 18 32 æ ÚÆ 1991 4 45 3 æ 33 3 æ ÚÆ 1993 1 26 30 34 al Quds al Arabi, 30 Jan 2003 http://www. alquds.co.uk:8080/archives/pdf/2003/01jan/30janthu/ Quds01.pdf http://www.alquds.co.uk:8080/ archives/pdf/2003/01jan/30janthu/quds13.pdf. 35 al Quds al Arabi, 1 May 2003 http://www. alquds.co.uk:8080/archives/pdf/2003/05may/ 01MayThu/Quds06.pdf. 36 æ ÚÆ No.522 2003 17 19 37 Arabic News. Com http://www.acabicnews. com/, 10/14/2003; 10/20/2003. 38 æ ÚGCC Æ 1996 80 81 39 æ Ú Æ 1998 10 40 18 42 2 æ Ú Æ http://www.idcj. or.jp/1ds/11ee_josei021107_2.htm 43 Chodikoff, D. W., Political Dimensions of Superpower Intervention in the Gulf, in R. B. Byers and D. Leyton Brown eds., Superpower Intervention in the Persian Gulf, Tronto : Canadian Institute of Strategic Studies, 1982, pp.22 26. No.37 2004 31