1 1 1 1 1 3.3 6 0.43 0.45 2 2002 Becker1965 Gronau1977 1 a 3.3 3.6 6.0 4.9 4.8 3.6 a 7.4 8.4 8.1 7.6 7.5 6.5 0.45 0.43 0.74 0.64 0.64 0.55 1995 a
Vol. 42 No. 2 II III IV V VI VII 1 1998Nishioka 199820022002 3 2002 1998Nishioka1998 2002 4 2002a bc da bc d 1998 Nishioka 1998 1998 2002 Nishioka 1998 2002 1998 Nishioka 1998 2002 2002 1998Nishioka 1998 Hallberg and Klevmarken2003 5 2 2002 6
Autumn 06 34 1 w i q p q 5 7 1 X Q l i f m Q 2 N A h o T t c 8 6 w m p q 6 6 w m p q w f (w m p q ) Q
Vol. 42 No. 2 c 2001 2001 9 5 / 1-5 1 2
Autumn 06 3 4 5
Vol. 42 No. 2 5 1 3 0 1-2 3-5 1 141 47 3 10 III 7h f 8h f h m 11 1 2 2 0 1-2 3-5 0 1-2 3-5 0 1-2 3-5 0 1-2 3-5 0 1-2 3-5 20-34 + 20-34 + 20-34 6 3 18 18 1ha 0-5 2001 2001 2000 2001 2001 0-5 2000
Autumn 06 t f h m t m Durbin-Wu-Hausman 12 c f w f w m p q N A X 2 3 R=0.91 13 3 29.2 18.8 3 129 198.1 99.3 51 435 0.154 0.0695 0.0450 0.439 446.5 40.5 299 530 45.1 14.8 12 86 89.3 61.9 0 261 1519 99.4 1313 1692 1292 102.7 1104 1527 1.18 0.0394 1.09 1.27 0.922 0.0131 0.887 0.945 0.266 0.116 0.083 0.550 0.320 0.102 0.138 0.591 0.00747 0.0107 0 0.0421 7.71 0.955 6.20 10.1 0.417 0.129 0.145 0.700 0.0125 0.0097 0 0.0381 0.278 0.0754 0.119 0.487 0.138 0.0888 0.0222 0.504 1.78 0.0566 1.64 1.95 0 0.333 0.473 0 1 1-2 0.333 0.473 0 1 13.6 16.1 2.60 86.4 141
Vol. 42 No. 2 14 R= 0.57 2003 15 R=0.36 4 16 p 7 5 8 6 17 5 23 1 Adj-R 2 0.5 1 2 3 4 Durbin-Wu-Hausman 2 h f h f h m 2 p 2 p t f 0.942 0.332 0.736 0.391 h m 2.293 0.130 t m 0.029 0.864 0.567 0.452 t f h m t m a 2.527 0.470 1.371 0.504 a h m
Autumn 06 5 1 2 3 0.146 0.148 0.146 (4.94) (4.96) (4.88) 0.0676 0.0757 0.0619 (0.72) (0.77) (0.63) 0.0340 0.0346 0.0334 (0.96) (0.97) (0.94) 0.0163 0.0151 0.0162 (0.48) (0.44) (0.47) 26.4 (0.57) 0.00934 (0.46) 0.000180 (0.01) 92.6 97.5 89.8 (0.72) (0.75) (0.69) 4.90 1.34 1.20 (0.29) (0.10) (0.08) 33.3 29.3 31.9 (1.77) (1.50) (1.57) 466.9 409.9 445.8 (2.07) (1.73) (1.77) 0.134 0.306 0.0742 (0.09) (0.19) (0.05) 6.69 4.36 5.16 (0.64) (0.42) (0.47) 305.6 275.2 272.2 (1.74) (1.66) (1.61) 9.18 7.11 9.39 (0.47) (0.36) (0.47) 32.7 32.0 31.9 (1.79) (1.76) (1.75) 27.3 38.8 34.0 (0.81) (1.16) (0.91) 0 17.5 17.3 17.6 (2.37) (2.33) (2.37) 1-2 12.3 12.2 12.4 (2.80) (2.75) (2.80) 0.218 0.200 0.224 (2.13) (1.75) (1.94) 60.0 60.1 47.7 (0.43) (0.43) (0.32) Adj-R 2 0.517 0.517 0.516 N 141 141 141 1 1 5 10 t 2 3 2
Vol. 42 No. 2 6 4 5 6 0.000630 0.000634 0.000623 (4.34) (4.33) (4.25) 0.000567 0.000566 0.000496 (1.25) (1.20) (1.05) 0.000212 0.000209 0.000217 (1.35) (1.32) (1.38) 0.147 (0.64) 0.0000211 (0.21) 0.0000414 (0.31) 0.173 0.174 0.125 (0.27) (0.27) (0.19) 0.0373 0.00325 0.0142 (0.45) (0.05) (0.19) 0.0811 0.0675 0.0859 (0.87) (0.70) (0.85) 2.32 2.12 2.38 (2.08) (1.82) (1.92) 0.00475 0.00506 0.00697 (0.68) (0.64) (0.93) 0.0473 0.0371 0.0451 (0.92) (0.73) (0.84) 1.08 0.906 0.947 (1.26) (1.11) (1.15) 0.0716 0.0677 0.0808 (0.75) (0.68) (0.82) 0.0924 0.0880 0.0880 (1.02) (0.98) (0.98) 0.462 0.00125 0.0410 (0.28) (0.01) (0.22) 0 0.0113 0.0116 0.0109 (0.63) (0.65) (0.61) 1-2 0.00345 0.00330 0.00385 (0.26) (0.25) (0.29) 0.00106 0.00104 0.00118 (2.10) (1.84) (2.06) 0.361 0.320 0.213 (0.52) (0.46) (0.29) Adj-R 2 0.194 0.191 0.192 N 141 141 141 1 1 5 10 t 2 3 2
Autumn 06 R=0.68 1 1 6 56 23 Adj-R 2 0.19 1-3 2002 Hallberg and Klevmarken 2003
Vol. 42 No. 2 2 17 2 18 3 2004 3 1 5 2 / 6
Autumn 06 1 7 8 9 0.169 0.169 0.166 (5.07) (5.02) (4.90) 0.102 0.0972 0.0736 (0.98) (0.89) (0.68) 0.000133 0.00239 0.00494 (0.00) (0.07) (0.15) 0.00422 0.00193 0.0331 (0.10) (0.05) (0.07) 50.1 (0.95) 0.00454 (0.20) 0.0166 (0.55) 153.2 152.2 137.2 (1.05) (1.03) (0.93) 14.6 3.09 7.54 (0.76) (0.21) (0.45) 45.6 41.6 47.8 (2.14) (1.87) (2.08) 487.6 431.8 521.7 (1.91) (1.61) (1.83) 0.392 0.183 0.418 (0.25) (0.10) (0.24) 7.14 3.90 6.82 (0.61) (0.34) (0.55) 383.7 324.2 344.4 (1.93) (1.72) (1.79) 1.88 1.18 5.43 (0.09) (0.05) (0.24) 43.5 42.0 42.3 (2.10) (2.03) (2.04) 28.8 43.6 28.7 (0.76) (1.15) (0.68) 0 24.3 24.5 25.0 (4.25) (4.24) (4.36) 1-2 15.1 15.2 15.5 (4.09) (4.08) (4.19) 0.211 0.210 0.255 (1.82) (1.62) (1.95) 44.9 27.1 10.2 (0.28) (0.17) (0.06) Adj-R 2 0.479 0.475 0.477 N 141 141 141 1 1 5 10 t 2 3 2
Vol. 42 No. 2 2 10 11 12 0.000390 0.000394 0.000384 (5.36) (5.34) (5.19) 0.000269 0.000266 0.000202 (1.18) (1.11) (0.85) 0.000144 0.000142 0.000150 (1.84) (1.78) (1.88) 0.149 (1.30) 0.0000200 (0.40) 0.0000358 (0.54) 0.322 0.321 0.278 (1.01) (0.99) (0.86) 0.0430 0.00836 0.0179 (1.03) (0.26) (0.48) 0.0945 0.0811 0.0975 (2.02) (1.66) (1.92) 1.09 0.897 1.13 (1.95) (1.52) (1.81) 0.0000682 0.000308 0.00204 (0.02) (0.08) (0.54) 0.0186 0.00834 0.0154 (0.72) (0.33) (0.57) 0.701 0.519 0.553 (1.62) (1.27) (1.33) 0.000845 0.00441 0.00732 (0.02) (0.09) (0.15) 0.0855 0.0810 0.0810 (1.89) (1.78) (1.78) 0.0534 0.101 0.0635 (0.64) (1.21) (0.68) 0 0.0378 0.0375 0.381 (4.23) (4.16) (4.23) 1-2 0.0297 0.0296 0.300 (4.44) (4.38) (4.45) 0.000496 0.000478 0.000602 (1.96) (1.67) (2.09) 0.153 0.109 0.0151 (0.44) (0.31) (0.04) Adj-R 2 0.354 0.346 0.347 N 141 141 141
Autumn 06 1 1994 0-12 1,000 2 2 2003 Nishioka1998Tsuya2000 3 1998 1993 700 Nishioka19981993 12 2002 1998 10 20021994 41998 8 1-4 Nishioka1998 5 0-42002 3 0-3 5 6 2000 2002Ueda2005 7 Connelly1992Hallberg and Klevmarken2003 8 Solberg and Wong 199219962000 9 10 0-5 34 11 2002 12 Durbin-Wu-Hausman OLS Maddala1992 132002 2005 14 1993 15 2003 12 34 13 4
Vol. 42 No. 2 16 1995 1991 1996 172000 2000, 1993, 1998, No.20, pp.38-47 2003 2 1998, 2000 No.476, pp.35-45 1996 No.32, pp.133-148 2002,, pp.167-210, 2003 1995 2002,, pp.313-330, 2002, Vol.13, No.2, pp.73-84 2002 pp.215-240 1995, 2005, No.51pp.76-95 Becker, G. S. (1965) A Theory of the Allocation of Time, The Economic Journal Vol.75, No.299, pp.493-517. Connelly, R. (1992) The Effect of Child Care Costs on Married Women s Labor Force Participation, Review of Economics and Statistics Vol.74, No.1, pp.83-90. Gronau, R. (1977) Leisure, Home Production, and Work-the Theory of the Allocation of Time Revisited, Journal of Political Economy Vol.85, No.6, pp.1099-1123. Hallberg, D. and Klevmarken, A. (2003) Time for children: A study of parent s time allocation, Journal of Population Economics Vol.16, No.3, pp.205-226. Maddala, G. S. (1992) Intoruduction to Econometrics 2nd ed, Prentice-Hall Nishioka, H. (1998) Men s Domestic Role and the Gender System: Determinants of Husband s Household Labor in Japan, Vol.54, No.3, pp.56-71. Solberg, E. J. and Wong, D. C. (1992) Family Time Use: Leisure, Home Production, Market Work, and Work Related Travel, Journal of Human Resources, Vol.27, No.3, pp.487-510. Tsuya, Noriko O. (2000) Female Empowerment, Marriage Postponent, and Gender Relations in Japan: An Intergenerational Perspective, Harriet B. Pressere and Gita Sen (eds.) Women s Empowerment and Demographic Processes, pp.167-210. Ueda, A. (2005) Intrafamily time allocation of housework: evidence from Japan, Journal of the Japanese and International Economies Vol.19, No.1, pp.1-23.