660 Young Adam Smith Kaldor Verdoorn Adam Smith 1 1776 1928 Allyn Young 2 Adam Smith Young 1966 Nicholas Kaldor 3 Verdoorn Marshall 1930 1980 James M. Buchanan 1930 Economic Journal Dennis H. Robertson Piero Sraffa G. F. Shove Adam Smith Alfred Marshall Allyn Young generalized increasing returns John Maynard Keynes Smith9 Young14 Kaldor5
661 4 Smith, Young, Kaldor Adam Smith Young Smith, Young Kaldor Verdoorn Young Adam Smith Adam Smith Spyros Vassilakis Adam Smith Adam Smith propositions 1extentBook 1, ch.3 2 Book 1, ch.3 ; Book 2, pp. 259 61 3 Book, ch., pp. 242 7 ; Book ch. 4 Book, ch. ; Book, ch. 5 Book, pp. 18 21 6 Smith Buchanan1p. 7.
662 Smith Book, p.21; Book, p.430 126345 1Smith 1345 5 1 Young Young Marshall improvements Adam Smith theorem 6 1 Adam Smith 7 8 9 10 Vassilakis11p. 761 Ed. E. Cannan, London : Methuen, 1961 extent 9 Young14p. 529. Ibid., p. 530. Ibid., p. 531. Ibid., p. 537.
663 11 12 13 14 Young Adam Smith an interrelated whole 15 2 Young Ibid., p. 538. Ibid., p. 539.
664 16 17 3 Adam Smith 18 19 20 21 Young Ibid., p. 532. Ibid., p. 533. Ibid., p. 534. Ibid., p. 539.
665 4 Young the search for markets18 22 Young 23 Q Young Q Q 24 L R R Q L R fq dr dq 0 λ R e λ t f Q t Ibid., p. 537. 4 18 Blitch2 p. 366
666 1 fq AQ v A v R AQ v 1 dr dq AvQ v1 0 0v R 1 LQ AQ V 2 Young 25 dl dq 0 dl dq A 1 1v Q v 0 v1 v 26 0v1 3 12 r q v v r q 1 l q 4 430l q1 2 1 R Ae λ t Q v 2 LQ Ae λ t Q v λ 34 Young14p. 539. 0v1 d 2 R dq 2 Av1vQ v 2 0, d 2 L dq 2 v1va 1 Q v1 0
667 v rλ l λ 1 q q 5 530l λ q1 3 Q Be φ t K α L β 6 B φ α β 6q l β φ α kl 4 v r q 1 1 β φ α kl 7 731β φ α kl 1β 27 α k l 1α β 1β α k l 1β α k l 1 kl qk q l β 1α φ 1α l 4 v r q 1 1 β 1α φ 1α l 8 8 31β 1α φ 1α l α J φ J K
668 10l 1α β φ l 8 1α β 8 v r α β 1 q β 9 3 1α β 9 Kaldor Verdoorn 1 Verdoorn Verdoorn 1870 1914 1914 1930 0.41 0.57 0.45 10 4.5 28 v0.45!!!! 29 Verdoon 0.45 Adam Smith Verdoorn 30 Verdoorn12p. 28.
669 Verdoorn 3 1 4 2 7 φ α β v k l 3 Tinbergen 31 Q, K, L, α, β W N ρ µ n W N γ Q K α L β W βq L W βl N ρ e µ t kγq K N e nt vrq ρ11β n αγ 1β µ αγ v ρ1β n αγ 1βµ αγ 10 Verdoorn v α β γ n µ 0.45 0.15 v n µ α β γ 32 α 33 0.3β 0.7ρ 1, n0.01γ 4µ 0.01 v0.5 α β 1 Verdoorn12pp. 32 35. Veroorn Verdoorn 13 1949 Ibid., p. 35. Ibid., p. 36.
670 2 Kaldor Verdoorn Kaldor 1966 Kaldor Kaldor A. P. Thirlwall Kaldor 3 34 1 GDP 2 3 Kaldor Kaldor 2 Kaldor Verdoorn 35 Kaldor Adam Smith 3 Adam Smith!! Smith Young 36 Adam Smith Marshall Allyn Young Arrow!! Thirlwall10 3 Kaldor5p. 8.
671 Allyn Young 37 Young Verdoorn 1949 P. J. Verdoorn Verdoorn!!!! 38 Verdoorn Kaldor Young Verdoorn 1953 4 1963 4 12 0.484 Verdoon Verdoorn r1.0350.484 q 0.070 l 1.0280.516 q 0.070 R 2 0.826 R 2 0.844 Kaldor 1 1 0.5 0.5 Verdoorn 39 rabq 11 rql Ibid., pp. 9 10. Ibid., p. 10. Ibid., p. 11.
672 l a1bq 12 Kaldor Verdoon the same orderof magnitude0b, 40 01b 0b1 Kaldor 112 1 41 2121 1 42 312Verdoorn 43 3 Verdoon Kaldor Verdoon Verdoon Kaldor Verdoorn v 0.5 Smith, Young Verdoorn q Verdoorn Kaldor Kaldor Young qfr Kaldor!! Ibid., p. 35. Kaldor6p. 893.
673!! Verdoorn 1 44 Verdoon Verdoon v Kaldor b vrq bv v 5 rλ vq l λ 1vq Kaldor 1112 λ a, vb Verdoorn Verdoorn 66 1112 rα k β φ β β 1β q l α k β φ β 1β q Kaldor a b k 1β 8 v Verdoorn v Kaldor b kq rφ β α β 1β q l φ β 1α β q aφ β, bα β 1β b 9 v Kaldor5pp. 13 14.
674 b v v Verdoorn v Young Kaldor Verdoorn v 0.5 Verdoon Smith, Young, Kaldor Young Kaldor Verdoon Verdoorn 1 0.5 Young, Kaldor Smith, Young, Kaldor Kaldor Verdoon 45 46 Buchanan 1980 Kaldor Verdoorn Kaldor McCombie, et al.8verdoon 84 McCombie7 Buchanan1p. 3.
675 1 Buchanan, J. M., The Return to Increasing Returns : An Introductory Summary, in The Return to Increasing Returns, ed., by J. M. Buchanan and Y. J. Yoon, The University of Michigan Press, 1994, pp. 3 13. 2 Blitch, C. P. Allyn Young on increasing returns, Journal of Post Keynesian Economics, Vol. V, No. 3, 1983, pp. 359 372. 3 Verdoorn 39 2 3 1987 8 304 321 4 46 2 1994 9 189 200 5 Kaldor, N., Causes of the Slow Rate of Economic Growth in the United Kingdom, Cambridge University Press, 1966N. Kaldor, Further Essays on Economic Theory, London, Duckworth, 1978 6 Kaldor, N., Economic Growth and the Verdoorn Law : A Comment on Mr. Rowthorn s Article, Economic Jounal, Vol. 85, No. 340, 1975, pp. 891 896. 7 McCombie, J. M. Increasing Returns and the Verdoorn Law from a Kaldorian Perspective, in Productivity Growth and Economic Performance, ed., by J. McCombie et al. Palgrave, Macmillan, 2002, pp. 64 114. 8 McCombie, J. M. Pugno and B. Soro, Introduction, in Productivity Growth and Economic Performance, ed., by J. McCombie et al. Palgrave, Macmillan, 2002, pp. 1 27. 9 Smith, A., The Wealth of Nations, The Modern Library 10Thirlwall, A. P., A Plain Man s Guide to Kaldor s Growth Laws, Journal of Post Keynesian Economics, Vol. V, No. 3, 1983, pp. 345 358. 11Vassilakis, S.increasing returns to scalein The New Palgrave A Dictionary of Economics 2, ed. By J. Eatwell, M. Milgate, P. Newman, 1987, pp. 761 765. 12Verdoorn, P. J. Fattori che regolano lo sviluppo della produttività del lavoro, L Indusria, vol. 1, 1949, pp. 3 10.Factors that Determine the Growth of Labour Productivity, translated by A. P. Thirlwall, Productivity Growth and Economic Performance, Palgrave, Macmilian, 2002, ed. byj. McCmbie, M. Pugno and B. Soro, pp. 28 36 13Verdoorn. P. J. Verdoorn s Law in Retrospect : A comment, Economic Journal, Vol. 90, No. 358, 1980, pp. 382 385. 14Young, A. A., Increasing Returns and Economic Progress, Economic Journal, vol. 38, No. 152, 1928, pp. 527 542.