15 3
13 14 14 6 CO 2 LCA CO 2 LCA 15 3
...1...1...1...1...4...6...14...16...17...18...20...28...32...36...40...44...48...52...56...60...64...68...72...76...84...88...92...96...100...104...108... 112... 116...124
LCALCA CO 2 CO 2 1
24 1 2 kg 2
1kWh=3.6MJ 1 I A II A III A IV A V A VI A VII A VIII VIII VIII I B II B III B IV B V B VI B VII B Li Be Na Mg Al Si K Ca Sc Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn Ga Ge As Se Rb Sr Y Zr Nb Mo Tc Ru Rh Pd Ag Cd In Sn Sb Te Cs Ba Hf Ta W Re Os Ir Pt Au Hg Tl Pb Bi La Ce Nd Sm Eu U CO 2 CO 2 3 3
2 1. 2. 3. + 4. + 5. 6. ( ) 7. J() 8.CO2 (CO2-tkg) 9. 10.CO2 CO2( ) (t-co2 or kg-co2) 11. *. 12. ()() 4
2 INPUT OUTPUT 100.0 t 34.0 t + 0.6 t 66.6 t + 70% () 1. 5. 3. 3. 2. 8.CO2 12,200 GJ CO 2 emission 420 t 34.0 t 1,804 L 1,804 L () (42.3 t +) 100% (16.2 t) 7.9 t + 6. () 7 4. 10.CO2 11. 690 GJ CO 2 emission 530 t 5,200 GJ* () (450 t*) energy 18,090 GJ CO 2 emission 950 t () 5,200 GJ* () (450 t*) 5
6
7
8
9
10
11
13
187kW 176rpm 60 48,86 985('70-),307 75kW 261rpm 760380,86 985('70-),307 37kW 610360 109(1993) No.12 75kW 264rpm, 1,200 109(1993) No.12 225kW 2,4001,500L,86 991('70-10),800 131kW 2,400900L 109(1993) No.12 55kW 1,800750L,86 991('70-10),721 37kW 1,800450L,86 991('70-10),721 75kW,86 991('70-10),800 400kW 18.5rpm, 3,0003,000,86 985('70-),304 169kW 1,8004,200L 109(1993) No.12 5.6kW 1,200W3,000L 109(1993) No.12 5kW 1,2002,400 109(1993) No.12 7.5kW 2,4006,000 109(1993) No.12 7.5kW 5,5003,600W9,500L,86 985('70-),303 75kW 20rpm, 1,5502,350,86 985('70-),303 11kW 20rpm, 1,5603,660,86 985('70-),303 37kW 782rpm,86 985('70-),304 1.5kW 2 6001,700L,86 985('70-),307 2kW 1,8004,500,86 991('70-10),800 2kW 400600,86 991('70-10),800 3.7kW 22kW 255rpm 1,100W 1,100L 1,956H 255rpm 1,400W 1,400L 1,700H,86 991('70-10),781,86 991('70-10),781 7.5kW 1,2001,5001,400L, 109(1993) No.12 3.7kW 10,0002,900H,86 991('70-10),781 3kW 6,6002,400H,86 991('70-10),800 3.7kW 2,4004,300L, 6t/h,86 991('70-10),781 2kW 1,8002,400L,86 991('70-10),800 3.7kW 3,2504,112L, 12t/h,86 991('70-10),781 5kW,86 991('70-10),800 3kW,86 991('70-10),800 14
15
CO 2 *50.2 kl* CO 2 CO 2 CO 2 1 CO 2 1200 2 CO 2 150 1,2 *,CO 2, Vol117, No.1 p49-55(2001) 16
t NRI WkWh/tQVt f 17
CO 2 CO 2 9,449 kj/kwh 38.1% A 38,911 kj/l 37,238 kj/l 30,125 kj/kg 35,564 kj/kg 1,174 kj/kg 2,728 kj/kg 11,493 kj/kg 13,375 kj/kg MIBK 56,579 kj/kg 19,444 kj/kg 7,720 kj/kg CO 2 0.3454 kg-co 2 /kwh 1999 A 2.6977 kg-co 2 /L 2.5284 kg-co 2 /L 0.087 kg-co 2 /kg 0.222 kg-co 2 /kg 0.938 kg-co 2 /kg 1,365 kg-co 2 /kg MIBK 8.377 kg-co 2 /kg 1,722 kg-co 2 /kg 0.630 kg-co 2 /kg cal J 4.184 kj/kcal CO 2 80%CO 2 8 1 11 8 18
Note 19
1 2 Chemetal FooteFMC Chemetal GMBH State Owned 2000 (1998 ) Li 2 CO 3 4,700 t LiBr 3,600 t LiOH LiCl Li Li 1,340 t 900 t LiH 1 t LiF Li 2 O LiI LiSiO 3 LiOCl 2000 180 t 20
INPUT 7 NaCl 2.5% Li 180ppb INPUT Li OUTPUT OUTPUT 70% NaCl NaCl Li INPUT OUTPUT Li 95% Mg INPUT Li 95% Li 95% INPUT CO 2 OUTPUT Li 99.8% OUTPUT CO 2 INPUT Li 95% OUTPUT Li OUTPUT CO 2 INPUT OUTPUT INPUTOUTPUTCO 2 21
INPUT LiO 2 1.5% OUTPUT 5 6% OUTPUT Li 99.8% OUTPUT 90% OUTPUT Li INPUT OUTPUT Li 95% CO 2 INPUT OUTPUT Li 95% CO 2 INPUT Li 95% OUTPUT CO 2 INPUT INPUT OUTPUT OUTPUT Li INPUT OUTPUT Li INPUT OUTPUT INPUTOUTPUTCO 2 22
Note 23
NaCl+KCl NRI 24
INPUT 10,000 t OUTPUT ( Li) 10,000 t ( 12.6 t ) ( Li) NaCl CO 2 emission 3,336 t ( 12.6 t ) 870 t 5,793 t 7 Li NaCl ( Li) Ca(OH) 2 3,336 t ( 12.6 t ) 277 t ( Li) Mg(OH) 2 3,395 t ( 12.6 t ) 218 t Li Mg CO 2 emission ( Li) 3,395 t ( 12.6 t ) 96 t ( Li) 67 t ( 12.0 t ) 3,425 t Li 95% 95% 962 GJ CO 2 emission () 78.6 t (78.6 t) ( Li) 67 t ( 12.0 t ) 151 kl ( 180 t ) +α CO 2 11.4 t 36.04 t 61.0 t 151 kl ( 138 t + ) (CO 2 ) Li 95% Li 99.8% () 3,761 GJ 490 GJ CO 2 emission () 213 t (39.9 t) : 35,000kWh/t- Li 7V, 80% CO 2 energy () 5,213 GJ (1,453 GJ) CO 2 emission () 292 t (118 t) NRI 25
NRI 26
100 t INPUT OUTPUT ( Li) 100.00 t ( 0.35 t ) ( Li) 27.27 t ( 0.31 t ) 72.73 t Li 90 Li 2 O1.5% Li 56% CO 2 emission ( Li) 27.27 t ( 0.31 t ) ( Li) 27.27 t ( 0.31 t ) CO 2 emission ( Li) 27.27 t ( 0.31 t ) 7.48 kl ( 13.76 t ) +α ( Li) 4.76 t-dry ( 0.30 t ) 6.28 t Li 95% () 16.2 GJ CO 2 emission () 1.2 t (1.2 t) ( Li) 4.76 t-dry ( 0.30 t ) 4.59 t-dry ( Li) 3.07 t ( 0.29 t ) 6.28 t Li 95% 45.9 GJ CO 2 emission () 3.8 t (3.8 t) ( Li) () 3.07 t ( 0.29 t ) 6.91 kl ( 8.23 t ) +α 90.6 GJ 22.4 GJ CO 2 CO 2 emission () 0.27 t 1.74 t 2.80 t 6.91 kl ( 6.49 t +) 6.9 t (1.8 t) (CO 2 ) Li 95% 35,000kWh/t- Li 7V, 80% CO 2 energy () 175.1 GJ (84.5 GJ) CO 2 emission () 11.8 t (6.8 t) NRI 27
Downs 50% 2000 2000 28
INPUT 99.0% INPUT 35.9g/100g- (at25)39.3g/100g-(at100) 20% 25 100 OUTPUT OUTPUT NaCl INPUT A 600 6.9V 83% 10,600kWh/t- Na OUTPUT Na Na 99.8% Ca Na INPUT OUTPUT Na 99.5% Na 95% OUTPUT Na 100% INPUT OUTPUT Na OUTPUT Na INPUT OUTPUT INPUTOUTPUTCO 2 29
30
1,000kg INPUT OUTPUT 3,000 kg 9,069 kg 12,069 kg 99.0% 39.3g/100g-at100 20% 25 100 1.3 GJ CO 2 emission 0.09 t 12,069 kg () 18.1 GJ NaCl () CO 2 emission 2,600 kg 8,009 kg 1,460 kg 1.25 t NaCl 2,600 kg 100.0 GJ Cl 2 Na CO 2 emission 1,003 kg 1,539 kg 58 kg 3.65 t 99.5% 95% 600 6.9V 83% 10,600kWh/t- Na 1,003 kg 1,000 kg 3.0 kg 99.8% Ca Na CO 2 emission energy 119.3 GJ CO 2 emission 5.00 t NRI,,/97 1122('81-8)881,p.879-31
MgCl 2 0.13%MgMgCl 2 Mg MgCO 3 CaCO 3 Mg 1012.5%MgCO 3 Mg 2628% I.G. Dow. Norsk Hydro Norsk Canada Magnesium Corp. of America Dead sea magnesium Timmincco 2000 Northwest AlloysSofrem Mg (1998 ) 19,707 t 1,659 t 2,602 t Mg 228 t 2,647 t 2000 32
INPUT Mg 0.13wt% OUTPUT MgCl 2 15wt% OUTPUT Mg 99.9% 16.5 22kWh/kg- Mg INPUT A 4,000 kj/kg- OUTPUT CO 2 INPUT OUTPUT INPUT Ca(OH) 2 20% OUTPUT Mg 95% Mg(OH) 2 95% INPUT OUTPUT Mg CO 2 INPUT A OUTPUT Mg INPUT Mg 99% 20kWh/kg- Mg OUTPUT CCO 2 OUTPUT OUTPUT Mg INPUT Mg OUTPUT Mg INPUT OUTPUT INPUTOUTPUTCO 2 33
2000 34
100,000t INPUT OUTPUT 642 t CaO CO 2 360 t 282 t A 4,000 kj/kg- CaO 2,569 GJ 360 t 116 t CO 2 emission Ca(OH) 2 475 t 461 t CO 2 CO 2 emission ( Mg) Ca(OH) 2 100,000 t (130.0 t) 475 t Mg(OH) 2 ( Mg) CaCl 2 CO 2 emission 312 t (123.5 t) 100,164 t Mg 0.13wt% MgMgCl 2 Mg 95% Ca(OH) 2 20% Mg(OH) 2 ( Mg) HCl MgCl 2 ( Mg) 312 t (123.5 t) 2,913 t 28 GJ 3,225 t (123.5 t) MgCl 2 ( Mg) CO 2 emission () MgCl 2 1.25H 2 O ( Mg) 3,225 t (123.5 t) 2.3 t (2.3 t) 604 t (123.5 t) 2,331 t 290 t MgCl 2 15wt% Mg HCl ( ) Mg MgCl 2 1.25H 2 O ( Mg) 5,262 GJ 604 t (123.5 t) 60 t CO 2 emission Mg HCl,Cl 2 124 t 360 t 181 t 365 t A Mg 99.9% 16.522kWh/kg- Mg ( 20kWh HCl,Cl 2 360 t 23,362 GJ CO 2 emission HCl Cl 2 1,076 t () () CCO 2 Cl 2 CO 2 emission energy () 31,221 GJ (28 GJ) CO 2 emission () 1,903 t (2.3 t) NRI 2000 LCA 8 3 35
TIO 2 TiO 2 Mg FeTiO 3 Na Mg 2000 CIS LNG 2000 36
INPUT TiO 2 9096% OUTPUT TiCl 4 98% 40.4% (1992 ) 1,000 OUTPUT TiCl 4 99.9% 30 Max:72,000t/year OUTPUT Ti 99.92 99.99% Ti INPUT OUTPUT Ti 90 CO 2 OUTPUT TiCl 4 95 OUTPUT Ti 99.93% INPUT OUTPUT TiCl 4 OUTPUT TiCl 4 OUTPUT Ti 39.5% (1992 ) 1,000 3,000kwh/t-Ti 1 10t:180hour 1 Max:380t/year 2,000kWh/t-Ti OUTPUT Ti OUTPUT Ti OUTPUT Mg 40 12,000kwh/t-Ti INPUT OUTPUT INPUTOUTPUTCO 2 37
1091993No.12 1064-38
INPUT OUTPUT ( Ti) Cl 2 1,032 t ( 585 t ) 165 t 1,592 t TiCl 4 ( Ti) CO 2 CO 2,129 t ( 526 t ) 385 t 141 t Ti 90 40.4%(1992 TiO 2 9096% TiCl 4 98% 1,000 Max:60,000t-TiCl 4 /year TiCl 4 ( Ti) 4,985 GJ 1,580 GJ 2,129 t ( 554 t ) +α CO 2 emission () TiCl 4 ( Ti) 514 t (129 t) 1,982 t ( 500 t ) 146 t + CO 2 TiCl 4 99.9% 95 () 30 Max:72,000t/year TiCl 4 ( Ti) Mg 1,982 t ( 500 t ) 761 t CO 2 emission ( Ti) MgCl 2 Cl 2 Mg() 500 t ( 500 t ) 1,940 t 37 t 266 t 39.5%(1992 ) Ti 99.9299.99% 1,000 ( Ti) 14,173 GJ 500 t ( 500 t ) +α CO 2 emission 500 t 0.4 t + 518 t 3,000kwh/t-Ti 1 10t:180hour 1 Max:380t/year Ti () MgCl 2 Cl 2 Mg() 9,449 GJ 1,940 t 37 t 266 t CO 2 emission Mg Cl 2 Mg Cl 2 756 t 1,387 t 5 t 125 t 345 t 2,000kWh/t-Ti Mg: Cl 2 : 70 56,693 GJ CO 2 emission 2,072 t 40 : 12,000kwh/t-Ti energy () 86,880 GJ (1,580 GJ) CO 2 emission () 3,450 t (129 t) NRI 1091993No.12 1064-1091993No.12 1057-39
9799% Delachaux London & Scandinavian Metallurgical Elkem Metals Eramet 2000 2000 40
INPUT Cr 2 O 3 68% OUTPUT Cr 68.5% 100 OUTPUT Cr 99.47% 18,500kWh/t- Cr :72hour INPUT 80% OUTPUT Cr 90 CO 2 INPUT OUTPUT Cr CO 2 1 2.2kW 1 150kW 10 24 / INPUT OUTPUT Cr OUTPUT Cr 85 INPUT OUTPUT INPUT OUTPUT Cr Cr INPUT Cr OUTPUT Cr Cr CO 2 INPUT OUTPUT Cr INPUT OUTPUT INPUTOUTPUTCO 2 41
42
INPUT 100 t OUTPUT ( Cr) () 100.0 t ( 46.5 t ) 16.1 t +α ( Cr) 61.1 t ( 41.9 t ) 42.1 t + Cr 2 O 3 68% Cr 68.5% CO2 Cr 90 ( Cr) () 485 GJ 61.1 t ( 41.9 t ) 9.17 t 2.90 kl* ( 5.3 t ) +α 345 GJ 0.03 GJ* CO 2 emission ( Cr) CO 2 emission () 47.2 t 72.0 t-dry + ( 41.9 t ) 3.67 t 12.6 t 0.002 t* 80% CO 2 Cr 100 (1 2.2kW ) (1 150kW ) 10 (24 /) ( Cr) 72.0 t-dry ( 41.9 t ) 3.00 kl ( 5.31t ) ( Cr) 74.9 t-dry ( 41.9 t ) 2.36 t-dry Cr CO 2 emission ( Cr) 74.9 t ( 41.9 t ) ( Cr) 39.8 t ( 39.5 t ) 1.5 t 24.5 t 9.17 t 99.47% Cr 85 6,913 GJ CO 2 emission 253 t 18,500kWh/t- Cr :72hour energy () 7,743 GJ (0.03 GJ*) CO 2 emission () 313 t (0.002 t*) NRI 43
2000 Elkem MetalsKerr Mcgee Manganese Metal 19,700 t98 2000 44
() INPUT MnO 2 48.85% OUTPUT Mn 99.96% 6063 :7296hour INPUT 80% OUTPUT Mn 90 CO 2 OUTPUT Mn 99 1 2.2kW 1 150kW 25 /(1 24 ) OUTPUT Mn 99 ZnNiCo AsMo 1 2.2kW 1 0.4kW 10 /(1 24 ) OUTPUT INPUT OUTPUT Mn Mn INPUT OUTPUT Mn OUTPUT Mn Mn INPUT OUTPUT Mn 8,000kWh/t- Mn INPUT OUTPUT INPUTOUTPUTCO 2 45
1091993No.12 P.1091-46
INPUT OUTPUT Mn ( Mn) 802 t ( 392 t ) 108 t ( Mn) 530 t ( 353 t ) 294 t MnO 2 :48.85% Mn 85 Mn 90 ( Mn) 3,260 GJ 530 t ( 353 t ) 73 t +α CO 2 emission ( Mn) 317 t 572 t ( 349 t ) 31 t + CO 2 CO 2 Mn 99 () ( Mn) 14.7 GJ 572 t ( 349 t ) +α CO 2 emission ( Mn) 0.54 t 572 t ( 346 t ) 0.2 t + 2.2 kw 0.4kW 25 /(1 24 ) Mn 99 ZnNiCoAs Mo 5.9 GJ CO 2 emission 0.22 t 2.2 kw 0.4kW 10 /(1 24 ) ( Mn) 572 t ( 346 t ) ( Mn) 333 t ( 333 t ) 73 t 8 t 158 t 99.96% 25,197 GJ CO 2 emission 921 t 6063 Mn :7296hour 8,000kWh/t- Mn energy 25,338 GJ CO 2 emission 934 t NRI 1091993No.12 P.1091-58- 47
1 13 12 Ni (:Ni ZCCM Gecamines OMG INCO 2000 (1998 ) 682 Mt 334 Mt 344 Mt 214 Mt 425 Mt 420 Mt 2000 48
INPUT Co Ni 29.3% Co 6.5% INPUT OUTPUT CO 2 INPUT OUTPUT Co Co 1 2.2kW 8 0.4kW 25 /24 / (1),(2) INPUT OUTPUT Co CO 2 INPUT OUTPUT Co Co Co Co 2 2.2kW 25 /24 / OUTPUT Co 99.92% Co 3,400kWh/t- Co OUTPUT Co 99% OUTPUT Co Co INPUT OUTPUT INPUTOUTPUTCO 2 49
109 1993No12 p.p.1072-1076 50
INPUT OUTPUT ( Co) () 209.4 t ( 13.6 t ) 82.9 kl ( 152.5 t ) +α () ( Co) 82.9 kl ( 86 t +) ( 12.5 t ) 276 t-dry + Ni 29.3% Co 6.5% 8 (1 0.4kW ) 1 2.2kW 25 /1 24 30.6 GJ 0.9 GJ* CO 2 emission () 1.2 t (0.07 t*) (1),(2) () ( Co) () VA,3 82.9 kl ( 86 t +) ( 12.5 t ) 115.9 kl ( 108.3 t ) 36.9 kl ( 43.9 t ) +α 24.9 GJ 0.6 GJ* 7.2 GJ* ( Co) () () CO 2 emission () () 22.9 t-dry + ( 12.5 t ) 235.7 kl ( 31.8 t +) ( 68.6 t ) 1.7 t (0.05 t*) (0.73 t*) Co () 13 ( 2.2kw 2 ) 25 /1 24 VA VA ( Co) 8.0 t-dry ( 4.4 t ) ( Co) 4.3 t ( 4.3 t ) 3.6 t 0.08 t-dry 99.92% 99 Ni 139 GJ CO 2 emission 5.1 t 25 /1 24 3,400kWh/t- Co energy () 203 GJ (8.7 GJ*) CO 2 emission () 8.0 t (0.8 t*) NRI 109 1993No12 p.p.1072-1076 /95 1098 79-8 p.p.441-44 ph 51
Hybinette (Sherritt Gordon INCO WMC Morro de Nickel Nicaro Freeport Queens Nickel MCLE Ni-Cu INCO 2000 (1998 ) 41,404 t 3,464 t 3,494 t 5,624 t 605 t 4,160 t 6,643 t 2000 52
Cu INPUT Ni 73.6% OUTPUT Ni :1% 60 68hour INPUT Ni :1% OUTPUT Ni : 50% 110, 46hour OUTPUT Cu Ni :1% :300 400A/m 2 : 346MWh/ OUTPUT Co Co : 0.004% OUTPUT Ni :99.98% : 2,000kWh/t- Ni 1 5.5kW 1 0.4kW 25 /24 / OUTPUT Ni 99% 1 2.2kW 1 0.4kW 25 /24 / OUTPUT OUTPUT 99% 1 2.2kW 1 0.4kW 25 /(24 /) OUTPUT 99% INPUT OUTPUT Ni INPUT OUTPUT Ni Ni INPUT OUTPUT Ni Cu INPUT OUTPUT Co Ni Co INPUT OUTPUT Ni INPUT OUTPUT INPUTOUTPUTCO 2 53
109 1993No12 p.p.1072-1076 54
INPUT OUTPUT ( Ni) () 2,744 t ( 2,020 t ) 334 t-dry +α 33 GJ ( Ni) CO 2 emission 2,525 t-dry Ni 73.6% ( 2,017 t ) 553 t + 60 68hour 5.5 kw 0.4kW 1.22 t 25 /(1 24 ) Cu 553 t 271 t 15 GJ 547 t-dry CO 2 emission Cu 547 t-dry 276 t 0.54 t 334 t-dry ( 101 t 112 t Ni 1% 110,Ni 99% 46hour 2.2 kw 0.4kW 25 /(1 24 ) Ni 50% Cu Ni 1% 300400A/m2 3,269 GJ CO 2 emission 120 t 346MWh/ ( Ni) 2,525 t-dry ( 2,017 t ) 2,022 t +α Co ( Ni) 4,338 t-dry ( 1,997 t ) 209 t + Ni 99 Co 0.004% Co () Co ( Ni) 15 GJ 4,338 t-dry ( 1,997 t ) 31.8 t-dry +α CO 2 emission ( Ni) 0.54 t 1,978 t ( 1,977 t ) 2,392 t + 2.2 kw 0.4kW 25 /(1 24 ) 99.98% Ni 99 Co () 37,370 GJ CO 2 emission 1,366 t energy 40,702 GJ CO 2 emission 1,488 t 2,000kWh/t- Ni NRI 109 1993No12 p.p.1072-1076 55
10-2 10-3 %10-2 10-4 % Al Ga Alcoa Elkem Eagle Picher Industries Inc. GaAs 2000 2000 56
(1) (2) OUTPUT Ga :0.09% Ga 0.27g/L OUTPUT Ga : 90% Ga : 0.027g/L OUTPUT Ga Ga : 34% OUTPUT Ga 99.99% :15,000kWh /t- Ga OUTPUT 90% 1 ( 55kW) 1 (2.2 kw) 25 /(1 24 ) OUTPUT Ga CuS 1 ( 2.2 kw) 1 (0.4kW) 25 /(1 24 ) INPUT VA () OUTPUT Ga 2.5g/L 1 (2.2 kw) 25 /(1 24 ) INPUT OUTPUTGa 95% 1 (1.5kW) 15 /(1 24 ) CO 2 OUTPUT Ga 95% Ga 30g/L 1 (1.5kW) 10 /(1 24 ) OUTPUTGa 97% Ga 35g/L 1 (1.5kW) 5 /(1 24 ) INPUT 20% OUTPUT Ga OUTPUT Ga OUTPUT Ga 97% INPUT OUTPUT Ga INPUT OUTPUT INPUT VA OUTPUT Ga INPUT OUTPUT Ga INPUT OUTPUT Ga INPUT OUTPUTGa INPUT OUTPUT Ga Ga INPUT OUTPUT Ga Ga Ga INPUT OUTPUT INPUT OUTPUT INPUTOUTPUTCO 2 57
, ",", 93 1070 ('77-4) 323-58
INPUT OUTPUT 323 t 969 kl Ga 0.09% ( Ga) (291 kg) ( Ga) (262 kg) 90% 969 kl (Ga ) (291 t) Ga 0.27g/L 32 t 1 55kW 2.2 kw 24.9 GJ CO 2 emission 1.02 t 25 /(1 24 ) 1.4 GJ* () (0.11 t*) 969 kl 969 kl Ga ( Ga) (262 kg) ( Ga) (262 kg) 2.1 t 5.8 t 2.2 kw 0.4kW 14.7 GJ CO 2 emission 0.54 t 25 /(1 24 ) 969 kl 94 kl VA (1) ( Ga) (262 kg) ( Ga) (236 kg) 90% VA 94 kl 969 kl +α 2.2 kw 25 /(1 24 ) 12.5 GJ CO 2 emission 0.46 t VA 94 kl 75 kl 95% ( Ga) (236 kg) ( Ga) (224 kg) 75 kl 94 kl 1.5kW 5.1 GJ CO 2 emission 0.22 t 15 /(1 24 ) 0.4 GJ* () (0.03 t*) 75 kl 7.1 kl 95% (2) ( Ga) (224 kg) ( Ga) (213 kg) Ga 30g/L 7.1 kl 75 kl 1.5kW 10 /(1 24 ) 3.4 GJ CO 2 emission 0.12 t 7.1 kl 5.9 kl IPE() ( Ga) (213 kg) ( Ga) (206 kg) 97% 5.9 kl 7.1 kl 1.5kW 1.7 GJ CO 2 emission 0.06 t 5 /(1 24 ) () ( Ga) 5.9 kl (206 kg) 1.7 t 19.6 GJ ( Ga) CO 2 emission () 5.9 kl (206 kg) 1.2 t 1.60 t (1.60 t) Ga 20% Ga ( Ga) 5.9 kl (206 kg) +α ( Ga) CO 2 emission 606 kg (206 kg) 5.9 kl + ph Ga(OH)3 Ga Ga :34% Ga ( Ga) energy () 606 kg (206 kg) 1.5 kl 28.3 GJ 112 GJ (21 GJ*) CO 2 emission CO 2 emission () 200 kg 406 kg 1.04 t 5.1 t (1.7 t*) 99.99% Ga 97% 3.5V, 2,000A/m2, 30%, 4550 :15,000kWh/t- Ga NRI, ",", 93 1070 ('77-4) 323 " 30-8 p.72 59
ZrO 2,SiO 2,ZrSiO 4 2 -MIBK Kroll 95% -MIBK Kroll Oremet-Wah Cheng Westinghouse Electric Company CEZUS 2000 (2000 ) 450 t 180 t 50 t 2000 60
800 1,000 1,300 OUTPUT Zr : 99.6 800850 INPUT ZrO 2 64% OUTPUT SiO 2 Zr 98 CO 2 INPUT OUTPUT CO 2 1 1.5kW 5 /24 / OUTPUT Ta Zr 99 1 1.5kW 5 /24 / OUTPUT Zr 98 INPUT OUTPUT Ti Zr 93 Zr 98 CO 2 OUTPUT Ti Zr 93 Zr 90% INPUT Zr Na OUTPUT Zr INPUT OUTPUT Zr INPUT OUTPUT Zr Zr Zr INPUT OUTPUT Zr Zr Zr INPUT OUTPUT Zr Zr Zr INPUTMg OUTPUT Mg Mg Zr INPUT OUTPUT INPUTOUTPUTCO 2 61
/97 112281-8 p877-62
INPUT OUTPUT ( Zr) () ( Zr) ( Zr) () ( Zr) () 16.5 t ( 7.8 t ) 11.0 t +α 126.6 GJ 16.5 t ( 7.7 t ) 5.6 kl ( 10.3 t ) 1.7 GJ 0.06 GJ* 5.6 kl ( 7.7 t ) ( 19.1 t ) 3.4 kl 1.7 GJ 3.4 kl ( 7.6 t ) ( 18.1 t ) +α ( Zr) 16.5 t ( 7.7 t ) 11.1 t + CO 2 emission () 10.3 t (10.3 t) 5.6 kl ( Zr) ( 7.7 t ) () ( 19.1 t ) CO 2 emission () ( Zr) () CO 2 emission ( Zr) 0.1 t (0.004 t*) 3.4 kl ( 7.6 t ) ( 18.1 t ) 5.6 kl ( 1.1 t ) 0.1 t 10.1 t ( 7.5 t ) 8.0 t + 90 98 SiO 2 1.5 kw 5 /(1 24 ) ( ) ( ) Ta Zr 99 ( 1.5 kw ) 5 /(1 24 ) Zr 98 800 ( Zr) ( Zr) 10.1 t ( 7.5 t ) 11.0 t 1.1 t 85.3 GJ 18.1 t ( 7.1 t ) 5.7 t CO 2 emission ( Zr) CO 2 emission () ( Zr) MgCl 2 Mg 18.1 t ( 7.1 t ) 4.2 t 7.0 t (7.0 t) 7.1 t ( 7.1 t ) 14.5 t 0.3 t 2.0 t Ti 93 98 1,0001,300 Ti Zr 99.6 800850 CO 2 emission energy 215 GJ CO 2 emission 17.4 t () (212 GJ*) () (17.3 t*) NRI /97 112281-8 p877-63
Nb 2 O 5 NbC C 2000 Teledyne Wah Chang Albany Nb-TiNb 3 Sn 2000 64
INPUT Nb 14% Ta 41% OUTPUT Ta :17.3g/L 60 OUTPUT Nb : 99.7% 1,7002,300 2 INPUT INPUT OUTPUT Nb OUTPUT Ta Nb 90 CO 2 INPUT INPUT MIBK MIBK ( OUTPUT ) Nb MIBK Nb Nb OUTPUT Ta 95% Nb 90% MIBK CO 2 OUTPUT INPUT Ta Nb OUTPUT TaNb 95% Nb Nb Nb Ta Ta Nb,Ta OUTPUT Nb 95% OUTPUT Nb 95% INPUT OUTPUT Nb Nb Nb Nb OUTPUT Nb INPUT OUTPUT INPUTOUTPUTCO 2 65
/97 1122 81-8 p.869-66
INPUT 10t OUTPUT ( Ta) ( Nb) 10 t ( 4.1 t ) ( 1.4 t ) 213 kl +α 20 GJ* Nb,Ta ( Ta) ( Nb) () CO 2 emission () 213 kl + ( 3.7 t ) ( 1.3 t ) ( 4.1 t ) 1.0 t 1.8 t (1.8 t*) Ta 41% 90 ph Ta :17.3g/L 60 ( ) Nb,Ta ( Ta) ( Nb) MIBK MIBK 213 kl ( 3.7 t ) ( 1.3 t ) 346 kl 314 GJ* ( Ta) ( Nb) CO 2 emission ( MIBK ) 346 kl ( 3.5 t ) ( 1.1 t ) 213 kl 46 t (46 t*) Ta :95% Nb :90% MIBK ( ) ( Ta) ( Nb) 346 kl ( 3.5 t ) ( 1.1 t ) () () ( Nb) ( Ta) CO 2 emission () ( 1.1 t ) () ( 3.3 t ) 346 kl Ta,Nb Ta,Nb 95% :Nb :Ta ( Nb) () ( 1.1 t ) +α ( Nb) 3.0 t ( 1.0 t ) () 95% CO 2 emission ( Nb) () 3.0 t ( 1.0 t ) +α () 1.0 t 2.0 t + :99.7% (1,7002,300) 2000 CO 2 emission 95% energy () 334 GJ CO 2 emission (334 GJ*) () 48 t (48 t*) NRI /97 1122 81-8 p.869-67
2000 X 2000 68
INPUT OUTPUT Mo 90 INPUT OUTPUT Mo 99 FeCuS CO 2 1 2.2kW 25 /24 / OUTPUT Mo INPUT OUTPUT Mo SO 2 INPUT OUTPUT Mo OUTPUT Mo Mo OUTPUT Mo : OUTPUT Mo INPUT 99.8% 85 OUTPUT Mo INPUT OUTPUT INPUTOUTPUTCO 2 69
1091993 No.12 p.1150-70
INPUT OUTPUT ( Mo) O 2 25.0 t ( 11.7 t ) 12.8 t 18.8 t ( Mo) ( 10.6 t ) SO 2 19.0 t CO 2 emission Mo 85 Mo 90 ( Mo) (10% ( Mo) 18.8 t ( 10.6 t ) () 40.6 kl ( 38.8 t ) 12.5 GJ 1.3 GJ* 18.6 t-dry ( 10.5 t ) ( Mo) (Cu ) CO 2 emission () ( Mo) 18.6 t-dry ( 10.5 t ) 13.2 t 2.2 t 2.1 kl ( 2.1 t ) 0.59 t (0.13 t*) 15.0 t ( 10.5 t ) 3.6 t FeCuS Mo 99 2.2kW,1 25 (24 /) ( ) ( Mo) 15.0 t ( 10.5 t ) 0.6 t CO 2 emission ( Mo) 10.0 t ( 10.0 t ) 5.7 t Mo 99.8% CO 2 emission energy () 13.8 GJ (1.3 GJ*) CO 2 emission () 0.59 t (0.13 t*) NRI 1091993 No.12 p.1150-71
2000 (2001 ) 1,663 t 150 t 202 t 111 t 194 t 637 t 2001 72
() INPUT Ag :10.5% OUTPUT 90% INPUT Ag :16% :73V 7,230A 2,760kWh/ INPUT Ag :21.7% OUTPUT Ag :28.4% INPUT 10wt% OUTPUT Cu Ag 90% 1 (3.7kW) 1 (1.5kW) 1 (2.2kW)20 /(24 /) OUTPUT 2 /,25 / OUTPUT Ag 95% OUTPUT Ag Sb 25 2000 Sb Ag OUTPUT Ag OUTPUT 92.5% OUTPUT Bi Bi 70% BBOC 15GJ/t-Ag 20 /(22 /) OUTPUT OUTPUT 99.99% : 500kWh/t- Ag 25 /(22 /) INPUT OUTPUT INPUT OUTPUT Ag Ag Ag OUTPUT Ag Ag INPUT OUTPUT Ag Ag Ag OUTPUT Sb Sb INPUT OUTPUTAg PbCl 2 OUTPUT Ag INPUT OUTPUT Ag Ag INPUTOUTPUTCO 2 73
1091993No.12 74
INPUT OUTPUT () ( Ag) ( Ag) ( Ag) ( Ag) ( Ag) Sb ( Ag) 120 t (12.6 t) () 33.6 GJ 23.9 GJ 106 t (12.6 t) 100 t (12.6 t) 70 t (11.2 t) 1,304 GJ 110 t (22.7 t) 216.9 GJ 105 t (22.7 t) 8 t ( Ag) () CO 2 emission ( Ag) CO 2 emission ( Ag) CO 2 emission Sb ( Ag) Sb CO 2 emission ( Ag) PbCl 2 106 t (12.6 t) () (14.1 t) 2.9 t 100 t (12.6 t) 6.2 t 110 t (22.7 t) 60 t 47.7 t 105 t (22.7 t) 5 t 90% Ag :10.5% Cu Ag 90% 10% (3.7kW ) (1.5kW ) (2.2kW 20 /(1 24 () 2,760kWh/ 2 /,25 / 73V 7,230A Ag Sb 25 2000 Sb 15.0 t Ag 80 t Ag (22.7 t) 33 t Ag :21.7% Ag :28.4% ( Ag) ( Ag) 80 t (22.7 t) 363.0 GJ 24 t (22.4 t) CO 2 emission ( Ag) CO 2 emission 24 t 92.5% (22.4 t) Bi Bi 70% 51 t 110(1994),No.5 422-5 t BBOC 15GJ/t-Ag 20 /(1 22 24.6 t 21 t 99.99% 3 t 101.2 GJ CO 2 emission 3.7 t 25 /(1 22 ) :500kWh/t- Ag energy 2,042 GJ CO 2 emission 93.9 t NRI 1091993No.12, 1101994No.5 422-75
Zn-Cd 2000 (1998 ) 1 t 52 t 20 t 0 t 2,016 t 162 t 2000 76
INPUT Cd 4.0% OUTPUT 85% INPUT OUTPUTCd 90% CO 2 1 ( 3.7kW) 25 /(24 /) OUTPUT Cd 95% OUTPUT Cd 97% Cd 94% INPUT OUTPUTCd Cd Cd INPUT OUTPUT Cd Cd Cd Cd INPUT OUTPUTCd Cd Cd OUTPUTCd Cd Cd OUTPUT Cd 75% Cd 95% OUTPUT Cd Cd Cd Cd OUTPUT OUTPUT INPUTZn-Cd 60t/ OUTPUT Cd :97 15 4t/ 600 OUTPUT Cd 99.998% Cd OUTPUT Cd OUTPUT Cd OUTPUT Cd Cd OUTPUT Cd Cd Cd INPUTNaOH OUTPUT Cd Cd Cd INPUT OUTPUT INPUTOUTPUTCO 2 77
INPUT 360t 120t :430 :2hour 36kL/ 95,000kWh/ : 431 Gcal/t-Cd OUTPUT Cd : 50g/L :40 :5hour/ INPUT OUTPUT Cd 95% CO 2 OUTPUT Cd 90% 1 2.2kW 1 150kW 25 /(1 24 ) OUTPUT Cd OUTPUT Cd Cd INPUT OUTPUT Cd Cd OUTPUT Cd Cd Cd OUTPUT Cd : 98.4% :42hour OUTPUT Cd :99.999% OUTPUT Cd OUTPUT Cd OUTPUT Cd Cd Cd OUTPUT Cd INPUT OUTPUT INPUTOUTPUTCO 2 78
Note 79
,, 90 1035 ('74-75) 359-80
INPUT OUTPUT ( Cd) 1,500 t (60.0 t) () ( Cd) (Cd ) () (51.0 t) (1,224 t) 225 t Cd 4.0% 85% CO 2 emission ( Cd) () (51.0 t) 48.1 t Cd 78.2 t () Cd 90% (1 3.7kW) 21 GJ 481 GJ CO 2 emission () 40.1 t (39.3 t) 25 /(1 24 ) Cd 78.2 t () () Cd 95% ( Cd) (70.4 t) As CO 2 emission () Cd 45.0 t Cd 97% ( Cd) (70.4 t) () CO 2 emission Cd 45.0 t Cd 33.4 t 75% 11.6 t CO 2 emission Cd Zn-Cd 33.4 t 26.6 t 60.0 t Cd 95% CO 2 emission 60.0 t Cd CO 2 emission 31.7 t 28.3 t () Cd 97% 15 4t/ 600 Cd NaOH 31.7 t () Cd 30.7 t 0.9 t Cd 99.998% CO 2 emission energy () 502 GJ (481 GJ) CO 2 emission () 40.1 t (39.3 t) NRI,, 90 1035 ('74-75) 359-81
93 1070 ('77-4) p.319-82
INPUT OUTPUT () () ( Cd) (216 t) (144 t) 360 t (51.0 t) 120 t ( Cd) 362 t (48.5 t) 118 t CdOPbO Cd 95% 25 /(1 24 ) 430 2hour 36kL/ 95,000kWh/ 898 GJ 1,401 GJ 42 GJ CO 2 emission () 133.1 t (3.1 t) 431 Gcal/t-Cd 362 t 872 kl ( Cd) (48.5 t) ( Cd) (43.6 t) 40 872 kl (Cd ) (182 t) 5hour/ 136 t Cd 90% (1 2.2kW) 1 150kW 863 GJ CO 2 emission 31.5 t 25 /(1 24 ) 872 kl 872 kl + Tl ( Cd) (43.6 t) ( Cd) (43.6 t) Cd +α 1.6 t () KMnO 4 CO 2 emission 872 kl Cd 44.3 t ( Cd) (43.6 t) ( Cd) (43.6 t) 42hour 872 kl Cd 98.4% ( Cd) (0.02 t) CO 2 emission Cd 44.3 t Cd 40.0 t Cd 99.999% ( Cd) (43.6 t) 4.3 t CO 2 emission energy 3,204 GJ CO 2 emission 164.6 t () (42 GJ) () (3.1 t) NRI 93 1070 ('77-4) p.319-83
In In In 2000 Metaleurop.SA Indium Corp.of America (1998 ) 5 t 58 t 4 t 6 t 3 t 2 t 4 t 1 t 4 t 2000 84
INPUT :800t/ In : 0.2% OUTPUT 92.5%In 85% In :2g/L OUTPUT In 97% In : 30g/L 2.2 kw 7 OUTPUT 97% In : 35g/L OUTPUT In :0.8g/L OUTPUT In 99.5% In :75% OUTPUTIn :99.98% In :95% : 300kWh/t- In OUTPUTIn 99.99% 1,000 INPUT In OUTPUT In 85% 1 2.2kW 1 0.4kW25 /24 / INPUT D 2 EHPA OUTPUT 25 /24 / INPUT 250g/L OUTPUT CO 2 1 1.5kW 15 /24 / INPUT OUTPUT As 0.05g/L AsAs 4 S 4 CO 2 1 1.5kW 15 /24 / INPUT OUTPUT CO 2 OUTPUT In INPUT In OUTPUT In INPUT OUTPUTIn INPUT OUTPUT INPUT OUTPUT INPUT OUTPUT In In INPUT OUTPUT In In OUTPUT In In OUTPUT In In INPUT OUTPUT INPUTOUTPUTCO 2 85
96 1106 ('80-84) 257-86
INPUT OUTPUT ( In) () 800 t (1,600 kg) 740 kl ( In) (In ) 740 kl (1,360 kg) (739 t) 60 t In 0.2% 92.5% In 85% 25 /(1 24 ) ( In) ( In) ( In) 12.5 GJ 740 kl (1,360 kg) 44 kl 12.5 GJ 44 kl (1,319 kg) 37 kl 8.5 GJ 0.21 GJ* 37 kl (1,280 kg) 1.4 kg CO 2 emission ( In) CO 2 emission ( In) CO 2 emission () In 456 kg 44 kl (1,319 kg) 740 kl 456 kg 37 kl (1,280 kg) 44 kl 327 kg (16 kg*) 1,250 kg 3 kg 37 kl 2.2 kw :0.4kW(1 ) 97% D2EHPA In 30g/L 2.2 kw 7 25 /(1 24 ) D 2 EHPA 97% 250g/L 1.5kW 15 /(1 24 ) AsBi 1.5kW :0.4kW(1 ) 10 /(1 12 ) In ( 2.2 GJ 0.02 GJ 1,250 kg 625.2 kg CO 2 emission () In 80 kg (1.4 kg) 938 kg 938 kg (NasH) 99.5% 75% In 7.2 GJ 938 kg CO 2 emission () In 586 kg (586 kg) 887 kg 51 kg 99.98% 95% In 887 kg 2.5 GJ CO 2 emission In 887 kg 0.1 kg 92 kg 300kWh/t- In 99.99% 1,000 energy () 0.2 GJ 45.7 GJ (7.4 GJ*) CO 2 emission CO 2 emission () 7.3 kg 2,004 kg (604 kg*) NRI,, 90 1035 ('74-75) 377-96 1106 ('80-84) 257- " 30-8 p.72 87
SnSnO 2 Sn 2000 (2001 ) 296,303 t 1,658,928 t 10,537,841 t 13 88
35L/hour OUTPUT Sn : 90% Sn :12.5% 1 3hour, 1,350kWh/ OUTPUT Sn : 90% Sn :65% OUTPUT Sn : 97.55% Sn 85% INPUT : 60L/t- OUTPUT : 99.996% : 27.4% :200kWh/t- Sn INPUT 1 4 /1 24 INPUT Sn 65% OUTPUT 70% 1 2 20 / OUTPUT 95% OUTPUT OUTPUT INPUT OUTPUT OUTPUT OUTPUT OUTPUT OUTPUT INPUT OUTPUT INPUTOUTPUTCO 2 89
,, 109 (1993) No.12 141-90
INPUT OUTPUT 188.3 t 169.5 t 18.8 t 35L/hour 131 GJ CO 2 emission 9.1 t 4 /1 24 169.5 t 85.7 t 83.8 t 85.7 t 510 GJ CO 2 emission 71.4 t 14.3 t 18.7 t 1 3hour, 1,350kWh/ 1 2 20 / 90% 71.4 t CO 2 emission 56.9 t 14.5 t Sn 97.55% Sn 85% 56.9 t CO 2 emission 55.0 t 1.9 t 99.996% : 200kWh/t- Sn 104 GJ 128 GJ CO 2 emission 12.7 t energy 873 GJ CO 2 emission 40.4 t = 1t 60L,97 1122('81-8),P.775 NRI,, 109 (1993) No.12 141-91
SbSb 2 S 3 SbSb 2 S 3 Sb Sb 2000 (2001 ) 116,301 t 203,787 t 99,132 t 10,338 t 200,648 t 13 92
INPUT Sb : 61.5% INPUT INPUT OUTPUT Sb Sb OUTPUT Sb : 79.48% Sb : 40% :LPG : 30t/30hour INPUT OUTPUT Sb 99% OUTPUT Sb Sb Sb LPG OUTPUT Sb Sb OUTPUT Sb : 98.79% Sb : 71.75% : INPUT Sb 80% CO 2 OUTPUT Sb OUTPUT CO 2 INPUT OUTPUT INPUTOUTPUTCO 2 93
109 1993 No.12 p.1198-94
INPUT 1 OUTPUT ( Sb) 3.9 t ( 2.4 t ) +α ( Sb) 3.7 t + ( 2.4 t ) 0.22 t Sb 61.5% () 0.50 GJ CO 2 emission 34.4 kg ( Sb) 3.7 t ( 2.4 t ) 1.1 t ( Sb) Sb CO 2 emission 2.7 t ( 2.2 t ) 0.60 t 1.42 t 30t/30 79.48% Sb 40% LPG Sb ( Sb) 0.60 t ( 0.23 t ) 0.29 t ( Sb) ( 0.23 t ) 0.31 t Sb Sb 99 CO 2 emission 79.48% ( Sb) () 3.0 t ( 2.4 t ) 0.22 t 0.10 t +α 7.82 GJ 1.00 GJ ( Sb) ( Sb) CO 2 CO 2 emission () 2.2 t ( 2.2 t ) 0.32 t + 0.27 t ( 0.19 t ) 0.49 t 0.03 t 1,120 kg (82 kg) 98.79% 71.75% 80% CO 2 SbCO 2 energy () 9.32 GJ (1.00 GJ) CO 2 emission () 1,154 kg (82 kg) NRI 109 1993 No.12 p.1198-95
HfO 2 Zr 2000 Wah Chang Westinghouse CEZUS Ta,Mo,W,Nb X 2000 96
OUTPUT Hf 98 Zr Hf 90 INPUT Hf OUTPUT Hf Hf Hf Hf INPUT Ti OUTPUT Hf 97% Hf 93 CO 2 INPUT OUTPUT Hf Hf Hf Hf OUTPUT Hf : 95.3 CO 2 INPUT Ti OUTPUT Hf 98% Hf 93 INPUT Mg OUTPUT Hf Hf Mg INPUT OUTPUT INPUTOUTPUTCO 2 97
/97 1122 81-8 p877-98
INPUT OUTPUT Zr ( Hf) () 5.6 kl ( 225.3 kg ) ( 0.8 t ) +α ( Hf) 273.2 kg ( 220.8 kg ) 779.3 kg + Hf 98 HfHfO(SO4) 2 CO 2 emission ( Hf) 273.2 kg ( 220.8 kg ) 178.1 kg 20.2 kg ( Hf) 402.4 kg ( 213.7 kg ) 69.2 kg Ti Hf 97 90 93 1.3 GJ CO 2 emission () 109.3 kg (109.3 kg) ( Hf) 402.4 kg ( 213.7 kg ) 94.0 kg ( Hf) MgCl 2 Mg 219.4 kg ( 209.0 kg ) 239.5 kg 4.6 kg 32.9 kg Ti Hf 98 Hf 95.3 Zr Hf 90 CO 2 emission energy () 1.3 GJ 1.3 GJ CO 2 emission () 109.3 kg (109.3 kg) NRI /97 1122 81-8 p877-99
TantaliteColumbite MIBK Na MIBK 2000 2000 100
INPUT Ta : 41% OUTPUT TaNb 90% Ta :17.3g/L 60 INPUT OUTPUT TaNb 90% CO 2 INPUT MIBK MIBK OUTPUT Ta 95% Nb 90% MIBKCO 2 OUTPUT TaNb 95% INPUT OUTPUT Ta Ta INPUT MIBK OUTPUT TaNb Ta INPUT OUTPUT TaNb Ta Ta Nb Nb TaNb OUTPUT K 2 TaF 7 Ta :46.3% OUTPUT Ta : 99.74% INPUT OUTPUT Ta 95% INPUT Na OUTPUT Ta 95% INPUT OUTPUT K 2 TaF 7 Ta Ta INPUT Na OUTPUT Ta INPUT OUTPUT INPUTOUTPUTCO 2 101
/97 1122 81-8 p.869-102
INPUT 10 t OUTPUT ( Ta) ( Nb) 10 t ( 4.1 t ) ( 1.4 t ) 213 kl +α 20 GJ* Nb,Ta ( Ta) ( Nb) () CO 2 emission () 213 kl + ( 3.7 t ) Ta 41% ( 1.3 t ) 90 ( 4.1 t ) ph 1.0 t Ta :17.3g/L 60 ( 1.8 t (1.8 t*) ) Nb,Ta ( Ta) ( Nb) MIBK MIBK ( Ta) ( Nb) 213 kl ( 3.7 t ) ( 1.3 t ) 346 kl 314 GJ* 346 kl ( 3.5 t ) ( 1.1 t ) () () ( Ta) ( Nb) CO 2 emission ( MIBK ) ( Ta) ( Nb) CO 2 emission 346 kl ( 3.5 t ) ( 1.1 t ) 213 kl 46 t (46 t*) () ( 3.3 t ) () ( 1.1 t ) 346 kl Ta :95% Nb :90% MIBK ( ) Ta,Nb Ta,Nb 95% :Nb :Ta ( Ta) () ( 3.3 t ) 3.7 t K 2 TaF 7 ( Ta) 6.8 t ( 3.2 t ) () Ta :46.3% Ta 95% CO 2 emission K 2 TaF 7 ( Ta) Na 6.8 t ( 3.2 t ) () 2.2 t 3.0 t 6.1 t Ta :99.74% Ta 95% CO 2 emission energy () 334 GJ (334 GJ*) CO 2 emission () 48 t (48 t*) NRI /97 1122 81-8 p.869-103
W:CaWO 4 Mn WO 3 W APT Mn 2000 Sandvikens jernverks AB London Scandinavian Metallurgical Co.,ltd. Ni,Co,Fe 2000 104
INPUT W 55%
A.P.T.5(NH 4 ) 2 O12WO 3 5H 2 O,,,97 1122 '81-88 243-106
INPUT OUTPUT Mn ( W) 63.8 t (35.1 t) 57.8 t 6.0 t 55%W Ca NaOH (Na 2 WO 4 ) CaCl 2 57.8 t () 1,139 GJ () (55.9 t) 20.1 t 5.1 GJ CO 2 emission (Na 2 WO 4 ) CO 2 emission (CaWO 4 ) CO 2 emission () (55.9 t) 1.9 t 41.6 t 57.8 t (52.1 t) () 0.19 t W 99.7% (1,45kW ) (1,150kW ) (1,2.2kW ) (1,3.7kW ) 25 /1 24 95% (1,1.5kW ) 15 /1 24 (CaWO 4 ) 57.8 t (52.1 t) 37.7 t +α H 2 WO 4 (H 2 WO 4 ) 47.7 t (42.9 t) 47.8 t + 95% Ca H 2 WO 4 (H 2 WO 4 ) 5.1 GJ 103 GJ 47.7 t (42.9 t) 6.3 kl 4.3 GJ CO 2 emission () ((NH 4 ) 2 WO 4 ) CO 2 emission 8.5 t (8.4 t) 6.3 kl (46.3 t) 4.8 t 0.16 t (1,1.5kW ) 15 /1 24 95% (1,1.5kW ) (1,0.4kW ) 10 /1 24 ((NH 4 ) 2 WO 4 ) ( 6.3 kl (46.3 t) (1.2 t) 42.6 t 128 GJ 10.2 GJ APT ( ) CO 2 emission W 42.6 t 5.5 t 5.0 kl ( 4.5 kl) 30.0 t 12.6 t 5.4 t A.P.T. 5(NH 4 ) 2 O12WO 3 5H 2 O 10 1 () (1,1.5kW ) (1,55kW ) 10 /1 24 () CO 2 emission 1 24 energy () 1,395 GJ (103 GJ) CO 2 emission () 56 t (8.4 t) NRI,,,97 1122'81-88243- 107
2000 2000 108
INPUT Au 7.0g/t OUTPUT 90% OUTPUT Au :3.2g/t Au : 0.33g/t Au : 95% 6 3.7kW OUTPUT Au :99% Au : 2.44% 15 / 1 24 OUTPUT 6 3.7kW 1 150kW 15 /,24 / INPUT 3 INPUT OUTPUT Au INPUT OUTPUT INPUT OUTPUT OUTPUT Au :6.1% 6 750 1,1001,200 OUTPUT Au :19.95% OUTPUT Au :99.99% : 420kWh/t- Au OUTPUT Au 95% 2 22kW 15 /,24 / 15 /,24 / OUTPUT Au 90% OUTPUT Au Au OUTPUT Au OUTPUT Au INPUT OUTPUT INPUTOUTPUTCO 2 109
,, 97 1122('81-8) 757 110
INPUT OUTPUT ( Au) 11,200 t (78.4 kg) 57,120 t () ( Au) () 325mesh 16,320 t (9,520 t) (70.6 kg) (6,800 t) 1,680 t 50,320 t :1.4 Au 7.0g/t 90%() under325mesh 85% () ( Au) 3,274 GJ 16,320 t (70.6 kg) 15,412 t 4.7 t CO 2 emission ( Au) 119.7 t 20,936 t (67.0 kg) 10,800 t 15 /,24 / Au 3.2g/t() Au 0.33g/t Au : 95% 6 3.7kW 3.7kW6 150kW1 ( Au) 661.3 GJ 20,936 t (67.0 kg) 33.4 kg CO 2 emission ( Au) 24.2 t 2,608 kg (63.6 kg) 20,934 t 15 /,24 / Au 99% Au 2.44% ( Au) ( ) 2,608 kg (63.6 kg) +α CO 2 emission ( Au) 994 kg (60.5 kg) 85 kg 1,529 kg + Au 6.1% Au 95% 4 :750 1,1001,200 ( Au) 149.7 GJ 994 kg (60.5 kg) 291 kg 0.2 GJ CO 2 emission ( Au) CO 2 emission CO 2 emission energy 4,085 GJ CO 2 emission 149.3 t 22kWh(2 ) 5.5 t 15 /,24 / 291 kg (58.0 kg) Au 19.95% 704 kg 15 /,24 / 52.2 kg 99.99% 238 kg Au 90% 420kWh/t- Au 0.01 t NRI,, 97 1122('81-8) 757,, 109(1993) No.12,"", 87 997 ('71-) 301-,"", 86 991 ('70-10)749-111
2000 112
OUTPUT Tl :90% :80 OUTPUT Tl :99.7% Tl : 99.3% INPUT Tl 45% 1 5.5 kw 1 0.4kW 10 /1 24 1 1kW 1 0.4kW OUTPUT Tl 99.8% INPUT Tl OUTPUT Tl Tl Tl OUTPUT Tl Tl OUTPUT Tl Tl Tl Tl OUTPUT Tl : 99.99% OUTPUT Tl 95% OUTPUT Tl :1.2 V : 57.5 A/m 2 : 600kWh/t- Tl INPUT OUTPUT INPUTOUTPUTCO 2 113
,, 106 (1990) No.5 289-114
INPUT OUTPUT ( Tl ) 384.1 kg (172.9 kg) 15.6 kl 15.0 GJ ( Tl ) (Tl ) CO 2 emission 15.6 kl (155.6 kg) (27.0 kg) 201.5 kg 547.3 kg Tl 90% 80 5.5 kw :0.4kW(1 ) 10 /1 24 ( Tl ) (Tl ) 15.6 kl (155.6 kg) (27.0 kg) 0.82 GJ () CO 2 emission 156.2 kg 99.7% 15.6 kl 99.3% (26.4 kg) 1kW :0.4kW(1 ) 30.1 kg 156.2 kg 0.01 GJ CO 2 emission 147.6 kg 8.6 kg 0.3 kg 99.8% 15 /1 24 147.6 kg 140.0 kg 7.6 kg 99.99% 95% 1.2 V 57.5 A/m2 0.79 GJ CO 2 emission 29.0 kg 600kWh/t- Tl energy 16.6 GJ CO 2 emission 606.8 kg NRI,, 106 (1990) No.5 289-115
2000 AsarcoIndustrials Penoles Centoromin Peru 2000 116
INPUT OUTPUT BI :93.6% Bi OUTPUT Bi :95.8% INPUT Bi OUTPUT Bi Bi INPUT : 30kg/ Bi-t OUTPUT Bi :99.8% OUTPUT Bi INPUT OUTPUT Bi Bi INPUT : 40kg/ Bi-t OUTPUT Pb Zn INPUT OUTPUT Bi Bi Bi Bi OUTPUT Bi : 99.99% OUTPUT Bi OUTPUT Bi Bi INPUT OUTPUT INPUTOUTPUTCO 2 117
INPUT BI :96.5% OUTPUT Bi INPUT Bi OUTPUT Bi :98.2% OUTPUT Bi Bi INPUT : 20L/min OUTPUT Bi : 99.9% :850A : 500A/m 3 :0.2V :93% 25 16 100kWh/t- Bi OUTPUT Bi : 99.99% OUTPUT Bi OUTPUT Bi INPUT OUTPUT Bi Bi OUTPUT Bi Bi Bi INPUT OUTPUT INPUTOUTPUTCO 2 118
Note 119
90 1035 1974-75p.373-120
INPUT OUTPUT () 33.9 t +α 33.2 t + 0.78 t + Cu, As, Sb Bi :95.8% CO 2 emission 33.2 t 32.7 t Bi :99.8% 0.86 t 1.86 t 32.7 t 1.14 t CO 2 emission 30.7 t 1.12 t 1.95 t Pb Zn 30.7 t +α CO 2 emission 28.6 t 2.1 t + :99.99% () total 0.29 t 3.29 t 0.86 t 0.86 t 1.1 t CO 2 emission 328 GJ energy 328 GJ CO 2 emission 12.0 t NRI 90 10351974-75 p.373-121
90 1035 1974-75p.373-122
INPUT OUTPUT () 33.70 t +α 33.12 t + 0.58 t + Cu, As, Sb Bi :96.5% Bi 33.12 t 7.20 t 0.12 t +α 720,000 L CO 2 emission 26.64 t 0.17 t + 13.25 t + 0.39 t 850A 500A/m 3 0.2V 93% 25 16 99.9% () 26.64 t +α 25 GJ CO 2 emission 26.62 t 0.02 t + 0.9 t 100kWh/t- Bi 99.99% () total 0.85 t 2.93 t 0.53 t 1.20 t 0.69 t 0.45 t CO 2 emission 389 GJ energy 389 GJ CO 2 emission 14.2 t NRI 90 10351974-75 p.373-123
UU 3 O 8 7080 2 PNC UO 2 UO 2 () 124
INPUT : 50t/ OUTPUT U : 200g/L OUTPUT U :86 INPUT OUTPUT U 90 As, Ni, Fe, Al, Nb CO 2 1 2.2kW 1 0.4kW 24 / INPUT INPUT U OUTPUT U U INPUT OUTPUT U U OUTPUT CO 2 1 2.2kW 24 / INPUT INPUT U kg : OUTPUT 1.5kWh U(SO 4 ) 2 OUTPUT U U CO 2 OUTPUT OUTPUT INPUT U : U 98.5% OUTPUT U U U OUTPUT INPUT OUTPUT INPUT OUTPUT INPUTOUTPUTCO 2 125
1091993 No.12 1070-126
1 INPUT OUTPUT ( U) 50.0 t-dry ( 0.132 t ) 50.3 kl ( 92.6 t ) UO 2 SO 4 ( U) () 0.59 kl ( 0.12 t ) ( 19.8 t ) 122.7 t U 90 As, Ni, Fe, Al, Nb) UO 2 SO 4 ( U) () TNOA () UO 2 SO 4 ( U) 0.6 GJ 0.5 GJ* 0.6 kl ( 0.12 t ) ( 19.7 t ) 363.8 kl ( 69.2 t ) 31.4 kl ( 35.8 t ) +α 0.5 GJ 2.0 GJ* 0.16 t-dry ( 0.10 t ) 0.04 t CO 2 emission () UO 2 SO 4 ( U) () () () CO 2 emission () U(SO 4 ) 2 ( U) O 2 0.06 t (0.04 t*) 0.16 t-dry ( 0.10 t ) () () ( 19.6 t ) 0.18 t (0.16 t*) 0.2 t ( 0.10 t ) 0.01 t 2.2kW 0.4kW 24 / U 86 2.2kW 24 / ( ) U 1.4 GJ 0.05 GJ CO 2 emission () 0.06 t (0.004 t) U(SO 4 ) 2 ( U) 0.18 t ( 0.10 t ) 0.08 t-dry UF 4 nh 2 O ( U) 0.14 t ( 0.10 t ) 0.12 t-dry U 98.5 UF 4 nh 2 O ( U) 0.14 t ( 0.10 t ) 0.02 t CO 2 emission ( U) 0.15 t ( 0.10 t ) 0.01 kl ( 0.01 t ) energy () 5.1 GJ (2.5 GJ*) CO 2 emission CO 2 emission () 0.3 t (0.2 t*) NRI 1091993No.12 1070- /95 110079-10 751- /97 112281-8 861-1131997No.6 431-127
http://www.nims.go.jp/ecomatecenter/ 12 9 http://www.mmaj.go.jp/page/index.html 128
129