36 1903, 1978;, 1988 100 (, 2000: 19) Watkins 1997 p.50 1990 1996 2000 2003 1 1999 1989 1998 10 60 2003 1982 2002 1000 p.8 2004 10 1993 2002 2002 26 40-1 -
10 12 30 2 Matsuo(2000) 1991 1997 60 7 2003 1993 2002 10 95 1990, 2001;, 2003 2003: 117 26 1951 10 1990 1980 1990 2000 2,300 2,950 2,900 2,700 1990 1980 1990 2000-2 -
3 4 1980 1990 2000 3.1 1980 1982 1994 2003 2003 2006 5 1988 1998 2004 16 6 7 1 1988 1998 2004 Ten, 2003 Ten Plus, 2004 2 1988 1998 2004 16 8-3 -
63, 1988 63, 1988 Xam 98, 1998 Xam 2004, 2004 3 1980 2000 cf. 1980 B Supplementary Reading New Horizon 1, 2, 3 (, 1988, 2000) Unicorn (, 1987, 1997), (ibid., 1988, 1998), Reading (ibid., 1999), B (ibid., 1988) 3.2 1980 2000 1988 1998 2004 (1) (5) 1-4 -
2 ( ) 95 95 Nation, 2001 95 3 British National Corpus (BNC) 95 95 Nation 2001 Chujo (2004) BNC 13,994 4 16 Scott, 1999;, 2005 16 BNC 13,994 BNC 5 16 16 2004 1 9 2003 TOEIC TOEFL 2003 PBS, TIME VOA, News for You Chujo & Utiyama 2005-5 -
1,500 TOEIC TOEFL TOEIC TOEFL 3,000, 2003 1 TOEIC ( ) TOEIC ( ) TOEFL ( ) TOEFL ( ) PBS (TV ) TIME ( ) VOA ( ) News for You ( (Titanic) (Harry Potter) 4.1 1988 1998 2004 2004 2541 3005 2943 80 90 2000 635 657 639-6 -
1449 1826 1963 456 555 569, 1997 2 1988 1998 2004 635 2541 657 3005 639 2943 584 1872 465 1795 682 2403 335 846 493 1370 597 1748 475 1452 470 1411 556 1391 512 1593 662 2126 482 1721 344 869 405 1073 451 1380 522 1671 552 1553 432 1480 437 1682 666 1996 420 1199 224 646 309 745 359 892 438 1603 781 3486 923 4241 584 1998 650 2487 838 3207 500 1493 620 2049 685 2691 457 1435 672 2535 650 2640 470 1156 761 2553 623 2021 596 2043 570 1815 595 2005 399 1427 446 1429 419 1307 426 1400 354 790 397 1085 456 1449 555 1826 569 1963 4.2 2004 80 2779 90 2000 3098 94.8 96.4 96.4 95 90-7 -
2000 80 cf., 1997;, 1997;, 2004 89.8 89.6 90.0 90 90 80 90 2000 80 92.9 90 95.8 1 2000 93.9 90 3 1988 1998 2004 94.8 96.4 96.4 92.9 95.8 93.9 88.5 90.5 92.9 87.7 85.6 92.6 93.5 88.7 92.2 89.6 91.4 91.9 87.0 88.6 91.0 92.7 87.1 89.6 90.7 89.9 85.4 88.3 89.8 93.1 88.4 90.7 91.6 88.1 88.9 90.1 89.5 93.4 89.7 87.7 88.8 89.7 89.8 84.7 86.6 93.0 92.3 86.3 89.6 87.9 83.5 89.8 89.6 90.0 4.3 BNC - 8 -
BNC 1 95 BNC 5000 4000 4125 4435 4224 3295 3299 3299 3000 2000 2185 2534 1903 1000 0 1988 1998 2004 1 2185 2534 1903 80 3295 90 2000 3299 4125 4435 4224 4.4-9 -
BNC 20 4 16 1988 2934 1998 3407 2004 3432 4 1988 1998 2004 1 fast-food language fish 2 snake tsunami tooth 3 blacksnake child print 4 restaurant deep-sea overfish 5 fry patina shrimp 6 weighing-machine family downtown 7 food dolphin dentist 8 frontier alcohol tear 9 mother ocean baby 10 we listen advertiser 11 dead dream aquaculture 12 resurrection information fisher 13 lecture facial culture 14 author parent mathematics 15 gentility we preservation 16 philosophize oxidize recreational 17 doublet-and-hose prejudge gender 18 corn learn people 19 I communication difference 20 civilization human mangrove 88 fast-food 98 language 04 fish 20 88 restaurant, fry, food, corn 98 listen, information, learn, communication 04 overfish, shrimp, aquaculture, fisher, preservation, mangrove 10 98 tsunami, deep-sea, dolphin, ocean child, family, parent, human 2004 2004a, b 70 1980-10 -
Brown & Yamashita, 1995a: 27 Mulvey (1999: 132) 4.5 16 5 6 16 11 1990 2000 90 16 1988 4170 1998 4664 2004 4662 4.5.1 80 2005 90 90 91.4 92.4 80 88 90 98 90 04 94.1 95.0 95.5-11 -
5 1980 1990 2000 80 +88 90 +98 90 +04 TOEIC ( ) 90.8 93.9 91.7 94.6 91.7 95.2 TOEFL ( ) 91.7 95.1 92.5 95.1 92.5 95.9 91.3 94.6 92.9 96.2 92.9 96.1 PBS (TV ) 87.2 90.9 89.1 92.8 89.1 93.6 VOA ( ) 88.6 92.2 90.4 94.2 90.4 95.3 ( ) 97.1 98.1 96.8 97.3 96.8 97.7 (Titanic) 92.8 94.3 93.2 94.8 93.2 94.5 91.4 94.1 92.4 95.0 92.4 95.5 11.6 17.1 13.1 20.0 13.1 22.1 95 TOEFL TOEIC VOA 98 04 90 98 04 98 04 04 TOEIC 95 TOEIC TOEFL 1980 95 TOEIC 2000 95 TOEIC TOEIC - 12 -
4.5.2 80 90 83.2 85.3 90 95 2.6 95 92.4 9.7 95 85.3 TIME TOEIC 6 1980 1990 2000 80 +88 90 +98 90 +04 TOEIC ( ) 80.0 87.1 81.7 88.6 81.7 89.6 TOEFL ( ) 82.9 88.9 85.2 90.8 85.2 90.7 81.9 89.6 84.0 90.5 84.0 91.1 TIME ( ) 79.7 85.0 82.2 86.9 82.2 87.5 News for You (ESL ) 88.5 92.3 90.2 93.4 90.2 93.9 78.2 85.3 80.9 87.8 80.9 88.3 (Harry Potter ) 91.1 93.1 92.7 93.9 92.7 94.2 83.2 88.8 85.3 90.3 85.3 90.8 5.9 8.9 6.8 10.3 6.8 10.8 80 88 90 98 90 04 88.8 90.3 90.8 95 04 90.8-13 -
(Harry Potter) 94.2 News for You ESL 93.9 91.1 TIME 87.5, 1993;, 2004 88.3 TOEIC TOEFL 89.6 90.7 95.2 95.9 TOEIC TOEFL 90 04 TOEIC 7.9 89.6 81.7 1980 1990 2000 1 1980 2000 2 95 90 3 BNC 4-14 -
5 16 5 95 95 1. 2003 Beppu 2001 2000 Beppu 1996 2000 20 130 1998 40 47 13 13 51 83 2. Kimura & Visgatis (1996) Brown & Yamashita (1995a, b) 3. 1979 1 1990, 1997: 16 1980 2000 4. 2004 2005-15 -
5. 1990 1991 1994 1980 1981 1984 1982 6. 2004 VOL.3 JEC, 2003 2005, 2004 2005 ibid. 7. 1988 1982 1996 1998 2004 1994 2005 8. 2005 2004 9. 2004: 153 (1) TOEIC, TOEIC TOEIC & Vol.1 (2000), 2 (2002) TOEFL, TOEFL TOEFL Practice Tests Vol.2 (1999), Practice Tests A, B (2) (British National Corpus) 1st-year undergraduate tutorial: linguistics (G4W), Economics tutorial (HYL) International Programs and Services (http://www.columbia.edu/cu/isso/) (3) PBS (TV Inspecting Iraq 5 (2002, http://www.pbs.org/newshour/newshour_index.html) TIME ( ) A Bad Menu for Peace 16 ( 2002, http://www.time.com/time) VOA ) FAO Water Report 19 (http://www.eigozai.com/usa/usa.htm) News for You ESL Enron Under Investigation 5 (2002) (4) ( ) eigozai ENGLISH USA (http://www.eigozai.com/usa/usa.htm) Official web site of the City of White Plains (http://www.cityofwhiteplains.com/) (5) Titanic (http://www.pumpkinsoft.de/screenplay451/) Harry Potter and the Philosopher s Stone, 5 J.K. Rowling (1997) - 16 -
10. 2004a, b 2004 73.5 52.5 1997 11. 1979: 110 20 20 20 95 1997 34 8 4-9 Beppu, Y. (2001). An analysis of the university entrance examinations forcusing on some sentence structures. (LEO), Vol. 31, 35-60. 2003 17 77-88 Brown, J. D. & Yamashita, S. O. (1995a). English language entrance examinations at Japanese universities: What do we know about them? JALT Journal, Vol.17, No.1, May, 7-30. Brown, J. D. & Yamashita, S. O. (1995b). English language entrance examinations at Japanese universities: 1993 and 1994. In Brown & Yamashita (Eds), The Language Teaching in Japan (pp.86-100). Tokyo: JALT. 1993 29 12 14-16 2003 BNC (British National Corpus) No.XLII 51-62 - 17 -
2003 36 7-8. 2004 B 37 45-55. Chujo, K. (2004). Measuring vocabulary levels of English textbooks and tests using a BNC lemmatised high frequency word list. In J. Nakamura, N. Inoue, & T. Tabata (Eds.), English Corpora under Japanese Eyes (pp. 231-249). Amsterdam: Rodopi. Chujo, K. & Utiyama, M. (2005). Understanding the role of text length, sample size and vocabulary size in determining text coverage. Reading in a Foreign Language, Vol. 17, No. 1. http://nflrc.hawaii.edu/rfl/. 2005) 12 19-35 2003 2 10 STEP BULLETIN Vol. 15 152-158 2004 1980 Language Education & Technology 41 LET 141-155 1979 1999) 35 12 59 2003 200 (12/18,1987; 12/10,1993; 1/10,1995; 1/26,1996; 1/14,1997; 1/16,1998; 1/26,1999; 1/14,2000; 1/16,2001; 1/30,2001; 1/11,2002; 12/3,2002) 2003 1997 No.104 Summer 19-24, 14 (1978) 2 Kimura, S. & Visgatis, B. (1996). High school English textbooks and college entrance - 18 -
examinations: A comparison of reading passage difficulty. JALT Journal, Vol. 18 No. 1, 81-95. 2000 2000 49 3 12-15 2003 33 8-9 Matsuo, H. (2000). An analysis of Japanese high school English textbooks and university entrance examinations: A comparisonm of voccabulary. ARELE, Vol. 11, 141-150. 2003 Mulvey, B. (1999). A myth of influence: Japanese university entrance exams and their effect on junior and senior high school reading pedagogy. JALT Journal, Vol. 21, No. 1, 125-142. Nation, I. S. P. (2001). Learning vocabulary in another language. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 1990 39 9 22-23 2004a 2005 2004b 2005 1996 2001 No.548 Scott, M. (1999). WordSmith Tools Manual [Computer Software]. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 1997 9 Vol.46 No.7 16-18 1987 No.31 2002 No.46 2004) 2004 10 Vol. 53 No. 8 73-87 1997-19 -
34 8-12 2000) 49 2 8-19 2000 1998 1988) Vol. 37 No. 7 65-67 Watkins, G. 1997-20 -