Personality and Individual Differences. 38(8), 1805-1812(8) Critical thinking ability and belief in the paranormal Hergovich, Andreas; Arendasy, Martin 2005 Key Word Critical thinking (Ennis1985) Beyer1985) 2000) Reasoning ability cf Paranormal phenomenon (parapsychology) 1
Tobacyk1984 Messer and Griggs1989 Musch and Ehrenberg 2002 129 3 50 Irwin1993 JonesRusseland Nickel1997 Wierzbicki1985 Irwin1991 Blackmore Troscianco1985et al, Blackmore1997MatthewsBlackmore1995 Musch and Ehrenberg 2002 2
r47 Aicock and Otis1980 WGCTA Morgan and Morgan1998 WGCTA 1 Gray and Mill1990 33 23 50 Roe1999 3
Musch and Ehrenberg 2002 1837 180 24.54 107 59.4 73 40.6 107 59.4 73 40.6 60 60 60 CCTT WGCTA 30 CCTT90 WGCTA90 WMT paranormal experience, and PBS 4
CCTT Cornell Critical Thinking Test (Ennis & Millmann, 1985) 7 52 WGCTA Watson Glaser Critical Thinking Appraisal (Watson & Glaser, 2002) WMT Wiener Matrizen-Test (Formann & Piswanger, 1979) Aubeck(1989) PBS 5
Lange, Irwin, and Houran (2000) 2 (a) New Age Philosophy (b) Traditional Paranormal Belief CCTT.61 WGCTA.78 WMT.84 PE.61 PBS.89 WMTCCTT WGCTA CCTT(r=.53)WGCTAr=.47 Table 1. Descriptive statistics Mean SD Min Max CCTT 28.07 5.12 15.00 40.00 WGCTA 52.60 8.17 31.00 67.00 WMT 19.57 4.05 2.00 24.00 PE 18.83 2.16 13.00 24.00 PBS 83.12 23.92 26.00 151.00 Remarks: CCTA, Cornell Critical Thinking Test; WGCTA, Watson Glaser Critical Thinking Appraisal; WMT, Wiener Matrizen-Test; PE, Paranormal Experiences; PBS, Paranormal Belief Scale. CCTTWGCTA Table2 6
Table2 Table 2. Correlations between Critical Thinking and Paranormal Belief/Experiences Scores PBS Tradit. Para New Age Phil. Paranorm. Exper. CCTT (n = 90).13.14.08.14 WGCTA (n = 90).12.15.01.11 Remarks: CCTA, Cornell Critical Thinking Test; WGCTA, Watson Glaser Critical Thinking Appraisal; PBS, Paranormal Belief Scale. WMTr=.22 Table3 Traditional ReligiositySuperstition r=.23table3 Table 3. Correlations between Reasoning and Belief/Experiences Scores (total sample: n = 180) Reasoning PE.06 TPB.22** NAP.05 PBS-Score.17 Trad. Religiosity.23** Psi.07 Witchcraft.09 7
Reasoning Superstition.23** Spiritualism.11 Extraord. Life.00 Precognition.09 Remarks: TPB, Traditional Paranormal Belief; NAP, New Age Philosophy; PE, Paranormal Experiences. ** p <.01. 322 MANOVA // (high /low) (high /low) high /low WMT,CCT,WGCTA New Age Philosophy Traditional Paranormal BeliefParanormal Experiences F(3,164)=2.15,p<0.01 F(6,330)=.86,p>.05 (F(3,164)=2.15,p>.05) Traditional Paranormal Belief New Age Philosophy Table 4. Effects of Reasoning Ability on Pararnomal Belief/Experiences Reasoning ability Cell means Univariate tests Low High F df p TPB 26.33 24.82 8.62 1, 166 <.01 NAP 26.74 25.02 6.35 1, 166 <.05 8
Reasoning ability Cell means Univariate tests Low High F df p PE 18.73 18.80.04 1, 166 >.05 Remarks: TPB, Traditional Paranormal Belief; NAP, New Age Philosophy; PE, Paranormal Experiences. WMT CCTTWGCTAr=.50 9
2 Roe 3 6 New Age Philosophy F=6.35, p<.05 4 Irwin,1991 WMT CCTT WGCTA 2 3 NAP NAP 4 10
1996 11