1980 Rebecca Dresser Dresser 1989 unawareness persistent vegetative state permanent vegetative state 3 obligatory 4 63

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1 living will advance directives Dresser autonomy extended Veatch 2003:

2 1980 Rebecca Dresser Dresser 1989 unawareness persistent vegetative state permanent vegetative state 3 obligatory 4 63

3 fictional hypothetical choice Dresser 1989 clear and convincing evidence substituted judgment ibid. 64

4 In re Quinlan, 355 A.2d 647, 663,1976 Dresser 2003,2005 In re Jobes, 108 N.J. 394, 529 A.2d 434,1987; Dresser allure Dresser 1989 comfortable 65

5 ibid significant interests in prolonged life ibid. ibid. ibid. ibid. 66

6 67 8 Dresser 1989 evidentiary view Dworkin 1993: Dresser 2003

7 autonomy extended 9 Dresser 1989,1995 Derek Parfit 10 Dresser 1995 Joel Feinberg

8 69 13 Dresser 1989 O'Connor Cruzan ibid. Ronald Dworkin Dworkin 1993 JAMA 14 Margo

9 autonomy beneficence dignity Dworkin 1993: experiential interests feel good ibid. critical interests should life as a whole 70

10 appropriate integrity an integral creative narrative conviction commitment investment ibid.: ibid.: the conception of self out of character ibid.:

11 72 evidentiary view ibid.: integrity view ibid.: ibid.: ibid.: ibid.: best interests

12 ibid.: indignity ibid.: life as a whole personality as a whole Dresser

13 74 narrative coherence ibid. Dworkin 1993: Dresser 1995 ibid.

14 benefits burdens Dresser 2003 objective treatment standards best interests standard Dresser

15 76 degrading undignifled Dresser 1989 respect for human life Dresser 1994

16 Dresser awareness permanently unconscious significant interests 18 barely conscious the cognitive capacity to interact with others and to appreciate being alive Dresser

17 community mission Dresser 2003 parens patriae our future vulnerability ibid. 20

18 Luis Kutner: Due Process of Euthanasia: The Living Will, A Proposal, 44 Ind. L.J. 539, : : (Patient Self-Determination Act,1990) 7 Cf., Eiser & Weiss 2001, Dresser 2003, Fagerlin & Schneider Alan Jacques, Understanding Dementia, 2nd ed.1992:181 Dresser :222, : Derek Parfit, Reasons and Persons, Oxford Clarendon Press,1984: Joel Feinberg, Harm to Self, Oxford University Press,1986: Spring1980 Hier 1984 Brophy Sarah M. Dietz, The Incompetent Self: Metamorphosis of a Person?, Hastings Center Report. 28,no.5, Andrew D. Firlik, Margo's Logo, JAMA 265, 1991: Veatch 2003: Saikewicz1977 Conroy : :

19 Dresser 1989: Rebecca S. Dresser and John A. Robertson, Quality of Life and Non-Treatment Decisions for Incompetent Patients: A Critique of the Orthodox Approach, Law, Medicine & Health Care Fall;17(3): Dresser 1994: Rebecca Dresser and Peter J. Whitehouse, The Incompetent Patient on the Slippery Slope, Hastings Center Report. 24, no. 4,1994: Dresser 1995: Rebecca Dresser, Dworkin on Dementia: Elegant Theory, Questionable Policy, Hastings Center Report 25,no.6,1995: Dresser 2003: Rebecca Dresser, Precommitment: A Misguided Strategy for Securing Death With Dignity, Texas Law Review. 81 Tex. L. Rev. 1823,2004 Dresser 2005: Rebecca Dresser, Schiavo's Legacy: The Need for an Objective Standard, Hastings Center Report. 35,no.3,2005: Dworkin 1993: Ronald Dworkin, Life's Dominion: An Argument About Abortion, Euthanasia, and Individual Freedom, Alfred A. Knopf, Eiser & Weiss 2001: Arnold R. Eiser & Matthew D. Weiss, The Underachieving Advance Directive: Recommendations for Increasing Advance Directive Completion, Am. J. Bioethics, Fall,2001 Fagerlin & Schneider 2004: Angela Fagerlin and Carl E. Schneider, Enough: The Failure of the Living Will, Hastings Center Report. 34, no.2,2004: Veatch 2003: Robert M. Veatch, The Basics of Bioethics,2ed., Prentice Hall, :

生命倫理_Vol.25_No.1

生命倫理_Vol.25_No.1 A consideration of the relationship between Advance Care Planning and Advance Directives, Based on evidence from the U.S.A. Advance Directives AD AD 1 1990 2 AD 2012 2001 3 AD Advance Care Planning ACP