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1 No Measurement of Regional Fluxes of Heat, Water Vapor and CO 2 at the TERC Meteorological Tower * ** Ayumi KOTANI * and Michiaki SUGITA ** 29.5 m Sugita et al. 997 TERC 29.5 m DAT- 3 Data Design Group OP TR-6A cm * ** 3
2 また 赤外線ガス変動計に対して 観測期間の 前後に室内での校正を行った 水蒸気の供給には 露点発生器 LI-6 LICOR を CO2 では標準ガ ス ppm を用いた 両気体の濃度 ゼロ点には N2 ガスを使用した 水蒸気についての 結果 センサー出力電圧と水蒸気量の関係 を第 2 図に示す ただし 観測期間中にセンサーの修理 を行っており 別図で示した 時間の経過ととも O P 2 33 m a n u fa c tu re r c a lib ra tio n ( 3 O c t 2 ) A u g 2 2 第 図 センサー設置部 超音波風速温度計 ( 右 ) の後方より撮影 赤外線ガス変動計への電量供給のため 観測塔 地上部から V 電源を高度 3 m まで延長した センサーは 2 VDC 電源.4 A 7 W を要するの で VAC を 2 VDC に変換してセンサーに供給 した 出力信号は水蒸気 CO2 ともに± 5 VDC で W ate r V apo r P res sure (hp a) あり それぞれの信号線とグラウンド線を TERC -2 研究棟内まで延長して A/D 変換機を介して PC で 2 3 V o lts 収録した 観測塔のセンサーから A/D 変換機まで は約 3 m の距離であるが この間の電圧低下は 最大で mv オーダであった は TERC ルーチン観測システムにより TERC 研究棟内にある超音波風速温度計本体で 時間単 位で処理されている 今回はルーチン用計算前の データを アナログ出力で取得し A/D 変換機を介 して PC で収録した 使用した A/D 変換機 National PCI 634E は 6 bit 解像度 シン グルエンド 6 チャンネル入力で PC の PCI カード スロットに設置が可能である PC での収録には Windows98 上で計測制御ソフトウェア Lab View National Instruments を用いた 宮崎ほか 2 この際のサンプリング間隔は 2 Hz とし これに より風速 3 成分と温度 水蒸気の時系列データを 得た 4 W a ter V a por P re ssu re (hp a) 4 超音波風速温度計の信号 風速 3 成分 温度 Instruments O P 2 33 m a n u fa c tu re r c a lib ration (2 7 N o v 2 2 ) 3 A pr F e b V o lts 第 2 図 赤外線ガス変動計 校正結果 水蒸気 実線はメーカによる変換式 22 年 月に修理
3 Hz w T q c H le CO 2 F c H = ρc p w't ' le = ρlw'q' F c 4 2 = w' ρ ' c 6 Apr. 22 : 2: 8 Jun. 22 : 2: () (2) (3) LE after calib. LE before calib. H after calib. H before calib. 3 kg m -3 C p (5Jkg K ) Jkg w m sec T K q kg kg c CO 2 mg m x (Kaimal and Finnigan 994) 3 = (4) T Tsv (.54q) T sv K q kg kg CO 2 WPL Webb et al Grand and Watkins(989) 3 45 Lee and Black 994 zm r 4 / 3 H ( r) = H ()exp[ β ( δ, )( ) ] L zm zm zm / 2 zm β ( δ, ) = α( δ )( 6 } ( ) L L L / 3 α ( δ ) =.8(cos δ + 2.4sin δ ) / 3 (5) (6) (7) 5
4 r r H(r) r 2 zm d L.38 m 29.5 m Hiyama et al (996) 6.5 m H(r)/H() 23 (23) 29.5 m w T q w u * T T * q q * 4 w T q u * T = w' θ ' u q * = w' q' / u* * / -z/l d L 4 6 q q * Liu et al.(998) 2 T T * q q * Tamagawa m TERC 5 6 CO TERC 22 Iida, 23 * 4 w T q Panofsky and Dutton(984) Liu et al.(998) d (deg) U (m sec ) Ta (C) q (g kg ) ) Wind direction 2) Wind speed 3) Air temperature 4) Specific humidity Day of year m 6
5 Precipitation (m m day ) Flux density (W m -2 ) Flux density (W m -2 ) Sensible heat Latent heat Day from Jan m TERC : 2: Forest Grassland -2 : 2: Building surface : 2: TERC Tower : 2: CO2 flux(mg m -2 sec ) Forest -2 : 2: Grassland -2 : 2: Building surface : 2: TERC Tower : 2: 7 CO TERC 29.5 m CO 2 Rn LE H G CO2 flux (only tower) CO2 flux(mg m -2 sec ) 8 CO TERC TERC A 7
6 23 : Open-path IRGA 239p 23 : 22 : : No,99, Grand, A. L. M. and Watkins, R. D. (989) : Errors in turbulence messurements with a sonic anemometer. Boundary-Layer Meteorology, 46, 894. Hiyama, T., Sugita, M. and Kotoda, K. (996) : Regional roughness parameters and momentum fluxes over complex area. Journal of Applied Meteorology, 35, Iida, S. (22) : Change of water balance in Japanese red pine forest under the successional process. Doctoral. Thesis, University of Tsukuba. Kaimal, J. C. and Finnigan, J. J. (994) : Atmospheric boundary layer flow - Their structure and measurement. Oxford University Press, New York, 289p. Lee, X. and Black, A. (994) : Relating eddy correlation sensible heat flux to horizontal sensor separation in the unstable atmospheric surface layer. Journal of Geophysical Research, 99 (D9), Liu, X., Tsukamoto. O. Oikawa, T. and Ohtaki, E. (998) : A study of correlations of scalar quantities in the atmospheric surface layer. Boundary-Layer Meteorology, 87, Panofsky, H. A. and Dutton, J. A. (984) : Atmospheric Turbulence - Models and methods for Engineering Applications. John Wiley and Sons, New York, 397p. Sugita, M., Hiyama,T. and Kayane, I. (997) : How regional are the fluxes obtained from lower atmospheric boundary layer data?. Water Resource Research, 33, Tamagawa, I. (996) : Turbulent characteristics and bulk transfer coefficients over the desert in the HEIFE area. Boundary-Layer Meteorology, 77, -2. Webb, E. K., Pearrman, G. I. and Leuning, R. (98) : Correction of flux measurement for density effects of heat and water vapor transfer. Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society, 6,
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2.3 CO 2 Closed-path CO 2 analyzer CO 2 CO 2 Leuning and Moncrieff 1990 Leuning and King 1992 Suyker and Verma 1993 CO 2 CO 2 CO 2 2.2 CO 2 H 2 O LI-7500 LI-COR, Inc. AsiaFlux 2003 1 2 3 4 5 CO 2 2007
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65 6 6.1 No.4 1982 1 1981 J. C. Kaimal 1993 1994 Turbulence and Diffusion in the Atmosphere : Lectures in Environmental Sciences, by A. K. Blackadar, Springer, 1998 An Introduction to Boundary Layer Meteorology,
Field Observations of Aeolian Sand Transport Rate Using a Piezoelectric Ceramic Sensor This study conducted field observations in terms of the number
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