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1 1.2 Kiminori Itoh [ 1.2.1] IPCC IPCC IPCC ) *
![[ 1.2.2] IPCC 1.2.2-1 IPCC I-Fig.6.5 Figure 6.5: Reconstructions of total solar irradiance (TSI) by Lean et al.](/docs-images/94/118507508/images/2-1.jpg "(1995, solid red curve), Hoyt and Schatten (1993, data updated by the authors to 1999, solid black curve), Solanki and Fligge (1998, dotted blue curves), and Lockwood and Stamper (1999, heavy")
2 [ 1.2.2] IPCC IPCC I-Fig.6.5 Figure 6.5: Reconstructions of total solar irradiance (TSI) by Lean et al. (1995, solid red curve), Hoyt and Schatten (1993, data updated by the authors to 1999, solid black curve), Solanki and Fligge (1998, dotted blue curves), and Lockwood and Stamper (1999, heavy dash-dot green curve); the grey curve shows group sunspot numbers (Hoyt and Schatten, 1998) scaled to Nimbus-7 observations for 1979 to ) * Nimbus * 0.1% 0.5% IPCC I-Fig.6.4 Figure 6.4: Measurements of total solar irradiance made between 1979 and 1999 by satellite, rocket and balloon instruments. ( Solar Forcing of Climate) ) 0.1% ( ) 2 14
3 [ 1.2.3] ( ) ( ) Baliunas & Soon, Astrophysical Journal, ) * Baliunas & Soon ( ) 0.5% ( ) Baliunas & Soon % * % * Spruit [H. C. Spruit, Theory of Luminosity and Radius Variations, in The Sun in Time, (eds. C. P. Sonett, et al., The University of Arizona Press, 1991) pp ] * 0.5% 3 14
4 [ 1.2.4] 2m * Pielke [a) Roger A. Pielke Sr., Christopher A. Davey, Dev Niyogi, Souleymane Fall, Jesse Steinweg-Woods, Ken Hubbard, Xiaomao Lin, Ming Cai, Young-Kwon Lim, Hong Li, John Nielsen-Gammon, Kevin Gallo, Robert Hale, Rezaul Mahmood, Stuart Foster, Richard T. McNider, Peter Blanken, Unresolved issues with the assessment of multidecadal global land surface temperature trends, JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH, VOL. 112, D24S08, doi: /2006jd008229, 2007] [b) Should light wind and windy nights have the same temperature trends at individual levels even if the boundary layer averaged heat content change is the same? Roger A. Pielke Sr. and Toshihisa Matsui, GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH LETTERS, VOL. 32, L21813, doi: /2005gl024407, 2005] Pielke 4 14
![[ 1.2.5] * A. Watt 1200 [ http://www.surfacestations.org/ ] NOAA Climate Reference Network (CRN) Site Information Handbook 1.2.5-1 A.](/docs-images/94/118507508/images/5-0.jpg "Watts 1200 534 http://www.surfacestations.org/ ) 1.2.5-1 (NOAA) (Climate Reference Network (CRN) Site Information Handbook) 1 10 ( ) 100 3 0.")
5 [ 1.2.5] * A. Watt 1200 [ ] NOAA Climate Reference Network (CRN) Site Information Handbook A. Watts ) (NOAA) (Climate Reference Network (CRN) Site Information Handbook) 1 10 ( ) *
![[ 1.2.6] (Pielke, Watts) 1.2.6-1 R. Pielke 1 R. Pielke Sr.](/docs-images/94/118507508/images/6-0.jpg ", Workshop on Vertical Temperature Trends, 2003 ( ) 1.2.6-2 R.")
6 [ 1.2.6] (Pielke, Watts) R. Pielke 1 R. Pielke Sr., Workshop on Vertical Temperature Trends, 2003 ( ) R. Pielke 2 [Roger A. Pielke Sr., et al., Unresolved issues with the assessment of multidecadal global land surface temperature trends, JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH, VOL. 112, D24S08, doi: /2006jd008229, 2007] USHCN ( ) ( ) A. Watts ( ) (NASA, ) 2000 * ( ) 6 14
7 [ 1.2.7] * [ ] * ( ) ( ) NASA *
![[ 1.2.8] d) ] Abstract Taken over the latitude range 45 S 75 N, the mean random observational errors are 2.1 ± 0.2 m s 1 for 10-m-corrected wind speed, 2.3 ± 0.](/docs-images/94/118507508/images/8-0.jpg "2 mb for surface pressure, 1.4 ± 0.1 C for 10-m air temperature, 1.5 ± 0.")
8 [ 1.2.8] d) ] Abstract Taken over the latitude range 45 S 75 N, the mean random observational errors are 2.1 ± 0.2 m s 1 for 10-m-corrected wind speed, 2.3 ± 0.2 mb for surface pressure, 1.4 ± 0.1 C for 10-m air temperature, 1.5 ± 0.1 C for sea surface temperature, and 1.1 ± 0.2 g kg 1 for 10-m specific humidity. ( 1m ) 1.5 ± 0.1 C 1) A Statistical Determination of the Random Observational Errors Present in Voluntary Observing Ships Meteorological Reports, Elizabeth C. Kent, Peter G. Challenor, and Peter K. Taylor, Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology, vol. 16, pp (1999) IPCC IPCC IV, Fig IPCC IV, Fig ) *
![[ 1.2.9] 1.2.9-1 [ http://jisao.washington.edu/ao/ ] ( ) * B. ( ) 17 (NAO) (p.189) 1.2.9-2 [Science, 17 August 2001:Vol.](/docs-images/94/118507508/images/9-0.jpg "293. no. 5533, pp. 1269 1270] 1.2.9-2 * 1970 1990 CO 2 9 14")
9 [ 1.2.9] [ ] ( ) * B. ( ) 17 (NAO) (p.189) [Science, 17 August 2001:Vol no. 5533, pp ] * CO
![[ 1.2.10] 1.2.10-1 (AO index) (aa ) (5 ) [ 2008 ] 1.2.10-2 (3-5 ) (12 1 ) (aa ) ( 0.](/docs-images/94/118507508/images/10-0.jpg "67) [ 2007 10 p.68] 1.2.10-3 1960-2001 [ 2008 ] * ( ) * 1.2.10-3 10 14")
10 [ ] (AO index) (aa ) (5 ) [ 2008 ] (3-5 ) (12 1 ) (aa ) ( 0.67) [ p.68] [ 2008 ] * ( ) *
![[ 1.2.11] (AMO) (PDO) 1.2.11-1 AMO [. T. Sutton & D. L. R.](/docs-images/94/118507508/images/11-0.jpg "Hodson, Science, 309, 115-118 (2005)] 1940 2000 (AMO) AMO 1.")
11 [ ] (AMO) (PDO) AMO [. T. Sutton & D. L. R. Hodson, Science, 309, (2005)] (AMO) AMO PDO AMO PDO ( ) PDO PDO [N. Mantua et al., Bul. Amer. Metor. Soc., 78: (1997)] 11 14
![[ 1.2.12] 1.2.12-1 [ http://icecap.](/docs-images/94/118507508/images/12-0.jpg)
12 [ ] [ p.6 7]
![[ 1.2.13] 1.2.13-1 Ramanathan (Brown cloud) [Global and regional climate changes due to black carbon, V. RAMANATHAN1 AND G.](/docs-images/94/118507508/images/13-0.jpg "CARMICHAEL, Nature Geoscience, VOL 1, APRIL 2008, pp. 221-227] 1.2.13-2 ( ) [IPCC ] ( ) [Ramathan ] IPCC AR4 (2007) Colored aerosol (2008) 13 14")
13 [ ] Ramanathan (Brown cloud) [Global and regional climate changes due to black carbon, V. RAMANATHAN1 AND G. CARMICHAEL, Nature Geoscience, VOL 1, APRIL 2008, pp ] ( ) [IPCC ] ( ) [Ramathan ] IPCC AR4 (2007) Colored aerosol (2008) 13 14
14 [ ] CO Forster & Gregory, J. Climate, 2006 * Schwartz, J. Geophys. Res., * ( ) 3. Chylek et al., J. Geophys. Res., * [G. A. Meehl et al., Factors Affecting Climate Sensitivity in Global Coupled Models. J. Climate, 17 (2004) ] 2 (70 )
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