1 N Mpc well-defined 1 1) Davis et al. 4)? N 2 CMB COBE CMB 2

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1 Observational Cosmology towards the 21st century Yasushi Suto Department of Physics and Research Center for the Early Universe, University of Tokyo, Tokyo We have witnessed a rapid and significant progress in the observational cosmology for the last decade. It is true that any field in science should experience rise and fall, and cosmology would not be an exception. Will cosmology continue to enjoy progress for another century, or have to admit a graceful end? In this article, I would like to present my personal view on the status and prospects of the observatioal cosmology towards the 21st century suto@phys.s.u-tokyo.ac.jp 1

2 1 N Mpc well-defined 1 1) Davis et al. 4)? N 2 CMB COBE CMB 2

3 1: N " ( Particle Mesh ) 1) ff (Ω 0 =1) Efstathiou 2) ,000 (Ω 0 =1,0:1) Aarseth, Gott, Turner 3) ο (Ω 0 =0:1 ο 1) Davis, et al. 4) ,768 CDM (Ω 0 =1,0:2, with/without Λ), etal. 5) ,144 8, 6) ,097,152 CDM Jing 7) ,777,216 CDM 47 Couchman 8) ,000,000,000 CDM COBE CMB ( ) N SPH(Smoothed Particle Hydrodynamics) mesh hydro 1 N 1985 Davis et al. Cen and Ostriker " Kaiser 9) Bardeen et al. 10) density peak N CMB 3

4 3 100Mpc COBE A) B) C) ASCA X 2 SDSS(Sloan Digital Sky Survey) 2dF(2 degree Field) A) HST B) MAP (Microwave Anisotropy Probe) PLANCK A) C) CMB 4

5 2: MAP (a) 5bands CMB anisotropies PLANCK (b) (9bands) CMB anisotropies AGN SDSS (c) 5bands (+ ) ß dF (d) ( ) 75 ffi 15 ffi,75 ffi 7:5 ffi 25 3 (a) (b) (c) (d) 4 1a CfA 6112 : 11 " 2.5m (LCRS) LCRS 1:5 ffi 80 ffi b 6000km/sec LCRS 12) SDSS 2dF( 2; 13) 3; fitting function 15) 17) random-gaussian

6 18) 19);20) Kaiser 21) 22) CMB 23) CMB Sunyaev-Zel'dovich 24) z < ο 1 2? Press Schechter 25) 7);26) ) 29) 3 2 IAU Perlmutter Ω 0 =0:88 +0:69 ( =0 Einstein - de Sitter Ω0 =1 0:60 34) Ω 0 =0:2 ± 0:4 35) 6

7 Alcock &Paczyński (1979) 30) 31) 28) 32);33) 5 ο 10 5 COBE, IRAS, HST, ROSAT X, ASCA X, GRO SDSS MAP PLANCK 7

8 3: Expanding the expanding universe. 0-th order FRW universe cosmological parameters; Ω 0, 0, h 1st order linear perturbation theory of density fluctuations large-scale structure and CMB; ff 8, T CMB,Ω b, fi 2nd order nonlinear gravitational evolution with spherical nonlinear model, N-body simulations ::: formation and evolution of halos; ο(r;z), n(m; z) 3rd order evolution of baryons with hydrodynamical simulations including radiative processes formation and evolution of clusters; ο cl (r;z), L(M; z), T (M; z), n(l; z), n(t;z) 4th order evolution (or a priori addition) of stellar components, radiation transfer, ::: formation and evolution of galaxies, stars, planets, ::: M-th order N-th order origin of life; origin of species, biological evolution understanding the human; evolution of intelligence, culture, civilization, social system, ::: 1 end of the universe 3) " SSC 10 ο " " 8

9 " " I II III 9

10 1) Miyoshi, K., Kihara, T., 1975, PASJ 27, 333 2) Efstathiou, G., 1979, MNRAS 187, 117 3) Aarseth, S.J., Gott, J.R., Turner, E.L., 1979, ApJ 228, 664 4) Davis, M., Efstathiou, G., Frenk, C.S., White, S.D.M., 1985, ApJ 292, 371 5) Suginohara, T., Suto, Y., Bouchet, F.R., Hernquist, L., 1991, ApJS 75, 631 6) Suto, Y., Suginohara, T., 1991, ApJ 370, L15 7) Jing, Y.P., 1998, ApJ 503, L9 8) Couchman, H.P.M., 1998, in the Proceedings of Numerical Astrophysics 1998", edited by S.M. Miyamaetal.,inpress 9) Kaiser, N., 1984, ApJ 284, L9 10) Bardeen,J.M., Bond,J.R., Kaiser,N., Szalay,A.S., 1986, ApJ 304, 15 11) Geller, M.J., Huchra, J.P., 1989, Science 246, ) Shectman, S.A., et al., 1996, ApJ 470, ) Colless, M., 1998, Phil.Trans.R.Soc.Lond.A., in press (astro-ph/ ) 14) Croom, S. M., Shanks, T., Boyle, B.J., Smith, R.J., Miller,L, Loaring, N.S., 1998, in the Proceedings of Evolution of Large Scale Structure: From Recombination to Garching", edited by Banday, A., in press (astro-ph/ ) 15) Hamilton, A.J.S., Kumar, P., Lu, E., Matthews, A., 1991, ApJ 374, L1 16) Peacock, J.A., Dodds, S.J., 1994, MNRAS 267, ) Peacock, J.A., Dodds, S.J., 1996, MNRAS 280, L19 18) Gott, J.R., Weinberg, D.H., Melott, A.L., 1987, ApJ 319, 1 19) Matsubara, T., 1994, ApJ 434, L43 20) Matsubara, T., Suto, Y., 1996a, ApJ 463, ) Kaiser, N. 1987, MNRAS 227, 1 22) Hamilton, A.J.S., 1998, in the Proceedings of The Evolving Universe" ed. D. Hamilton, Kluwer Academic, pp ) Hu, W., Sugiyama, N., Silk, J.I., 1997, Nature 386, 37 24) Kobayashi, S., Sasaki,S., Suto, Y., 1996, PASJ 48, L107 25) Kitayama, T., Sasaki,S., Suto, Y., 1998, PASJ 50, 1 26) Mo, H.J., White, S.D.M., 1996, MNRAS 282, ) Matsubara, T., Suto, Y., Szapudi, I., 1997, ApJ 491, L1 28) Nakamura, T.T., Matsubara, T., Suto, Y., 1998, ApJ 494, 13 29) Yamamoto, K., Suto, Y., 1998, ApJ, submitted 30) Alcock, C., Paczyński, B., 1979, Nature 281, ) Matsubara, T., Suto, Y., 1996b, ApJ 470, L1 32) Kauffmann,G., White, S.D.M., Guiderdoni, B., 1993, MNRAS 264, ) Cole, S., et al., 1994, MNRAS 271, ) Perlmutter, S., et al., 1997, ApJ 483, ) Perlmutter, S., et al., 1998, Nature 391, 51 10

11 14 h 13 h 12 h 11 h RA 15 h 10 h -3 o -6 o -12 o 60 Dec North galaxies cz (1000 km/s) 10 South galaxies h o -42 o -39 o 22 h 23 h 4 h 0 h 1 h 2 h 3 h 1: (a) CfA ( ), (b) Las Campanas Redshift Survey ( ). 11

12 2: 2dF (Two degree Field) (a) cone diagram, (b) redshift distribution. 12

13 -39o {38{ 2 h 1 h 0 h 23 h RA 3 h 22 h 4 h 21 h -42o -45 o Dec South 30 cz (1000 km/s) galaxies Fig. 8. (h) The distribution of galaxies for all three slices in the South galactic cap. 3: (a) Las Campanas Redshift Survey ( ), (b) 2dF Quasar Survey ( ). 13

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Contents (JPG )

Contents (JPG ) Contents 2 6 2 (JPG ) 2 2 9 3 2 4 5 5 7 6 8 7 9 8 23 2 SDSS LSS. P (s) (k) ο (s) (s) 2. P (s) (k) ο (s) (s) Ω 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. P (s) (k) ο (s) (s).. 2. 3. 4. 3 2dF QSO Scientic aims of the 2dF QSO