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38 (1) T. Staunton(ed.) "Body Psychotherapy: Advancing Theory in Therapy" Brunner-Routledge, p.9, 2002 (2) T. Kasai "A Butoh Dance Method for Psychosomatic Exploration" Memoirs of the Hokkaido Institute of Technology, No.27, , 1999 (3) T. Kasai "A Note on Butoh Body" Memoirs of the Hokkaido Institute of Technology, No.28, , 2000 (4) 2004 (5),1972 (6) (),1979 (7),1977 (8) Vol.2,No.1, 1-8, 2002 (9) Vol.21,No.1, , 2003 (10) ( 14 ) (11),1990 (12) , 1994 (13) E , 1996a (14) , 1996b (15),1983 (16) , 1990 (17) , 1991 (18) , 1992 (19) 78,1-26, 2005 (20) W.,1964 (21) W.,1969 (22) A.,1990

39 (23) D.W. Goodwin, et al. "Alcohol and Recall : State-dependent effects in man" Science, 163, 1969 (24) L.,1999 (25) J. H. Schultz and W. Luthe "Autogenic Therapy: Vol. 1. Autogenic Methods" Grune and Stratton,1969. (26),1979 (27),1990 (28) A.1994 (29) A (30) M. 4,,1985 (31) H.F. Harlow The Formation of Learning Sets Psychological Review, 56, 51-65, (32)J.Bowlby "Maternal Care and Mental Health" World Health Organization 1952 : J.,1967 (33) J.Bowlby "Attachment and Loss vol. 1 (Attachment )" Basic books 1969 : J (34) M.D.S.Ainsworth, M.C.Blehar, E.Waters & S.Wall "Patterns of Attachment" Erlbaum 1978 (35)A.,1978 (36) , 1981 (37) H.S. Sullivan "Interpersonal Theory of Psychiatry" Norton 1953 : H.S (38) M. Chace (ed. H. Chaiklin) "Marian Chace: Her papers" American Dance Therapy Association (39) C.G.,1972 (40) C.G.1976 (41) J.,1997 (42) S (43) J. Wolpe "The Practice of Behavior Therapy" Pergamon Press 1969 :,1987 (44) M.E.P. Seligman "Chronic Fear Produced by Unpredictable Shock" Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology, Vol.66,No.2, , 1968 (45) M.E.P.,1985 (46) G.,1990 (47) (48) A.T. Beck "Cognitive Therapy and the Emotional Disorders" International Universities Press 1976 : A.T.,1990 (49) R.S. Lazarus & S. Folkman "Stress, Appraisal, and Coping" Springer Pub1984 : R.S.,1991 (50) A.Korzybski "Science and Sanity", General Semantics Libraly 1933 (51) S.I.1951 (52) 78,1-26, 2005a (53) A. Ellis & R.A. Harper "A New Guide to Rational Living" Prentice-Hall 1975 : A.R.A (54),1997 (55) L. Festinger & J.M. Carlsmith "Congitive consequences of forced compliance" Journal of Abnormal Social Psychology, 58, , 1959 (56) L. Festinger "A Theory of Cognitive Dissonance" Row, Perterson & Company 1957 : L.

40 1965 (57),1993 (58) S. Schachter & J. Singer "Cognitive, Social, and Physiological Determinants of Emotional State" Psychological Review, Vol.69, , (59) K.G ,,1981 (60) W.H.,1995 (61) J.,1997 (62) V (63) (64) ()31(), , 1982 (65) ( )35( ), , 1986 (66) , 1993 (67) 2001 (68) A. R. NLP 2004 (69) SGU-S , 2006 (70)R 1973 (71) E.R. Hilgard "Divided Consciousness- Multiple Controls in Human Thought and Action" Wiley Interscience 1977 (72) F.,1999 (73) 1990 (74) (ASC) 1981 (75) C. Rogers "The necessary and sufficient conditions of therapeutic personality change." Journal of Consulting Psychology, Vol.21,No.2, , 1957 :,1966 (76) 79,21-44, 2006 (77) 1999 (78) No.30, , 2002 (79) T.Kasai "The Arm-Standing Exercise for Psychosomatic Training" Research note: Sapporo Gakuin University Bulletin of Faculty of Humanities, No.77, 77-81, 2004 (80) V.W.,1986 (81) Vol.2, No.1,1-10, 2002 (82) A.H. Maslow "Motivation and Personality" Harper & Row 1954 : 1971 (83) A.H.Maslow "Toward a Psychology of Being" John Wiley & Sons 1962 : A.H (84) 1966 (85) D. McGregor "The Human Side of Enterprise" McGraw-Hill 1960 : D (86) 1967

41 (87) Vol.20,No.2, , 2002 (88) V.M.Axline "Play Therapy" Houghton Mifflin 1947 : 1972 (89) T. Kasai "Butoh dance method for psychosomatic exploration", Memoirs of the Hokkaido Institute of Technology, No.27, , 1999 (90) T. Kasai "Note on Butoh Body" Memoirs of the Hokkaido Institute of Technology, No.28, , 2000

42 The Principle of Somatic Psychotherapy and the Viewpoint of Body-Learning Therapy KASAI, Toshiharu Somatic psychotherapy was initiated by W. Reich in the first half of the twentieth century when he found "the muscle armor" phenomena that mental traumas made the human body into a rigid, armored one characterized by shallow breathing. However, Freudian psychoanalysis utilized only the mental and intangible dream analysis and free association while ignoring the visible bodily outcomes carved by suppressed mental traumas. The history of body psychotherapy started tragically in the academic sense but somatic factors in psychology have never been totally discarded. A. Lowen's Bioenergetics, dance/movement therapy, sensory awareness, for example, have shown the effectiveness of somatic psychotherapy by clarifying the mind-body interrelation: The human body manifests the unconscious world. Because one of the most characteristic psychosomatic problems has been found to be the rigidity of the body and the inability of deep relaxation as Reich described, any practical somatic psychotherapy must be accompanied with most effective relaxation method in any form. By studying, experiencing and experimenting three distinguished psychosomatic approaches in Japan such as 1) Takeuchi Toshiharu Lesson of recovering the authentic voice by working on people's body, 2) Noguchi Taiso, a system of physical exercise pioneered by Michizo Noguchi who regarded relaxation as decisive, and 3) Butoh dance, a Japanese avant-garde dance style originated by Tatsumi Hijikata in 1950s, the author has confirmed that these approaches specialize in relaxation, and that 1) even a simple relaxation task in Takeichi Lesson has been experimentally found to be difficult for the most people because of the socially conditioned unconscious bodily reactions, 2) Noguchi's utterly new body concept "the human body is a leather bag in which bones, muscles, and viscera are all floating" is well perceived only when the conscious control of the body is abandoned effectively, and 3) the suppressed traumas that have been buried deep in the unconscious are most safely grasped when the socially avoided unusual movements such as tremors, jerks, spasm, and so on are experienced as natural autonomic movements in a therapeutic Butoh dance. The psychiatric and psychological studies related to the key words were taken into account for a new practical somatic psychotherapy for integrating three approaches above, and Body-learning therapy has been developed especially with cognitive behavioral therapeutic approaches and with non-hypnotic suggestions toward the subconscious world. Body-learning therapy, consisting of the bodily play phase, the relaxation phase, and the confrontation phase, and with bodily movements and psychosomatic exercises, has been found very pertinent to a wide range of people whose main complaints are psychosomatic. Keywords: somatic psychology, Body-learning therapy, dance/ movement therapy, Butoh dance method, ankoku Butoh, socially induced tension, labeling theory, cognitive behavioral therapy, General Semantics, learned helplessness, double bind, trauma, muscle armor, Bioenergetics, Ericksonian hypnosis, affordance, active imagination, dissociative personality disorder, state dependent memory, post hypnotic suggestion, hidden observer, altered state of consciousness, exorcism, need-hierarchy theory, theory X theory Y, management behavioral science, bodily play, relaxation, confrontation :

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