a) Antenna Technologies for Wireless Body Area Networks Masaharu TAKAHASHI a) BAN BAN 2GHz On-body 2.45 GHz In-body BAN On-body In-body MICS 1. LAN Bo

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1 a) Antenna Technologies for Wireless Body Area Networks Masaharu TAKAHASHI a) BAN BAN 2GHz On-body 2.45 GHz In-body BAN On-body In-body MICS 1. LAN Body area network: BAN Body-centric wireless communication BAN 1 On-body In-body Off-body Bluetooth Research Center for Frontier Medical Engineering, Chiba University, Chiba-shi, Japan a) omei@m.ieice.org On-body communications Into On-body communication [1] 433 MHz 315 MHz 10 cm In-body VeriChip ID [2] 135 khz RFID ID [3] MHz [4] RFID [5] RFID [6] B Vol. J96 B No. 9 pp c

2 2013/9 Vol. J96 B No. 9 [7] Electroencephalogram: EEG [8] Electrocardiogram: ECG Electromyogram: EMG UWB [9] [10] BAN [11] BAN [12] BAN On-body In-body 2. BAN BAN 1 Medical Implant Communications Service MICS [13], [14] MHz MHz 2012 RFID MHz Industry Science Medical ISM MHz MHz MHz LAN Bluetooth ZigBee BAN GHz Ultra Wide Band UWB [15] Human Body Communication: HBC 21 MHz 32 MHz BAN 2012 IEEE [16] 60 GHz BAN [17] 2 3 [18] 4mm 1 BAN Table 1 Frequencies for BAN. 1 Fig. 1 BAN Sensors of BAN. Fig. 2 2 Structure of the transmitter. 908

3 (a) 30 MHz 4mm 172 cm 2cm 1mW 500 V/m 0dB 2(a) HBC 30 MHz (b) 300 MHz (c) 3GHz On-body [19] 2.45 GHz cm 3. BAN (b) 300 MHz (c) 3 GHz 3 Fig. 3 Electric field distributions. BAN GHz 2 [20] 2/3 [21]

4 2013/9 Vol. J96 B No. 9 5 In-body Fig. 5 Multipath of the In-body antenna. 4 BAN Fig. 4 Problems of BAN antenna GHz Table 2 Electric constants for 2.45 GHz. In- to On-body 5 On-body BAN [22] In-body On-body BAN BAN E/O / BAN SAR Specific Absorption Rate [23] 910

5 6 On-body Fig. 6 Structure of the on-body antenna GHz On-body 7 Fig. 7 Arm phantom. On-body HBC F [24] [25] On-body [26] 2 10 GHz On-body 6 2GHz On-body F 7 50 mm 2/3 8 9 d 2mm 6 UWB On-body [27] On-body 8 Fig. 8 Reflection coefficient. 9 Fig. 9 Radiation pattern GHz In-body In-body On-body On-body In-body MICS 400 MHz [28] [36] 911

6 2013/9 Vol. J96 B No Fig. 12 Fabricated antenna. 10 In-body Fig. 10 Structure of the In-body antenna. (a) (b) 11 3 Fig. 11 Rectangular 3 layered model. 13 Fig. 13 Fabricated phantom. [37] [38] 2.45 GHz [39] 2.45 GHz GHz [40] 1.0 mm 17.7 mm 0.8 mm 1mm ε r = mm 1.4 mm 50 Ω 11 (a) 11 (b) mm 3 2mm 4mm 54 mm GHz Ansoft HFSS Ver mm 10 ε r =5.0 ε r =5.02 σ =0.01 S/m ε r =4.95 σ =0.01 S/m 13 [41] 10% [42] 14 (a) 14 (b) 2.45 GHz 60.1 j2.75 Ω 65.3+j2.82 Ω 912

7 招待論文 ボディエリアネットワークにおけるアンテナ技術 (a) Input impedance Fig. 14 (b) Reflection 図 14 入力特性 直方体 3 層モデル Input characteristics (Rectangular 3 layered model). (a) Input impedance (b) Reflection 図 16 入力特性 高精細数値人体モデル Fig. 16 Input characteristics (Realistic human phantom). (a) xy plane 図 15 高精細数値人体モデル Fig. 15 Realistic human model. 反射係数はそれぞれ 20.4 db 19.2 db とよく一致 しており整合が取れている 5. 2 高精細数値人体モデル 人体腕部を模擬した直方体 3 層モデル内のインプ ランタブルアンテナの特性の算出及び測定結果を示 (b) yz plane したが 簡易化した人体腕部モデルの妥当性の検証が 図 17 放 射 特 性 Fig. 17 Radiation patterns. 必要である そこで 高精細数値人体モデル [43] にア ンテナを植え込んだモデルを用いて FDTD Finite Difference Time Domain 法によりアンテナ特性を る y 方向は大きく異なっているものの 最大放射 算出した 図 15 に 高精細数値人体モデルを示す 方向 +y 方向 の半面は非常によく一致している インプランタブルアンテナは直方体 3 層モデルを使 利得の最大値は 直方体 3 層モデルでは 14.0 dbi 用した場合と同様 人体腕部の脂肪層内に皮膚 脂 φ θ = 90 高精細数値人体モデルでは xy 面 肪の境界面に接するように植え込んだ 解析領域は では 13.8 dbi φ = 83 yz 面では 13.4 dbi セルとし セルサイズはアンテナ周 辺で最小 0.02 mm 自由空間で最大 2 mm とした ま た 境界条件は PML 8 層 を用いた 図 16 に入力特性の計算値を示す 2.45 GHz におけ る入力インピーダンス 反射係数は 高精細数値人体 モデルを使用した場合は 58.1 j7.78 Ω 19.7 db で θ = 96 となっている 以上のことから 直方体 3 層モデルを用いたアンテ ナ設計及び特性評価は 計算時間やメモリ使用量の削 減など有利性もあり 十分に可能である 6. む す び あり 先の直方体 3 層モデルの値とよく一致している 本論文では ワイヤレス分野の中で期待されている 図 17 に放射特性の計算値を示す 人体方向であ 分野の一つであるボディエリアネットワークについて 913

8 2013/9 Vol. J96 B No. 9 2GHz On-body 2.45 GHz In-body BAN On-body In-body [1] [Online] medical info/presentation/ html [2] K.R. Foster and J. Jaeger, RFID inside, IEEE Spectrum, vol.44, no.3, pp.24 29, Jan [3] [Online] biochip.htm [4] html, Feb [5] MICT , Oct [6] H. Rajagopalan and Y. Rahmat-Samii, Ingestible RFID bio-capsule tag design for medical monitoring, 2010 IEEE Antennas and Propagation Society International Symposium, July [7] E. Strickland, Future vision, IEEE Spectrum, vol.49, no.1, p.41, Jan [8] M. Sun, M. Mickel, W. Liang, Q. Liu, and R.J. Sclabassi, Data communication between brain implants and computer, IEEE Trans. Neural System and Rehabilitation, vol.11, no.2, pp , June [9] M. Kawasaki and R. Kohno, Position estimation method of medical implanted devices using estimation of propagation velocity inside human body, IEICE Trans. Commun., vol.e92-b, no.2, pp , Feb [10] A. Yakovlev, S. Kim, and A. Poon, Implantable biomedical devices: Wireless powering and communication, IEEE Commun. Mag., vol.50, no.4, pp , April [11] PDC B vol.j83-b, no.6, pp , June [12] P.S. Hall and Y. Hao, Antennas and Propagation for Body-Centric Wireless Communications, 2nd ed., Chapter 2, Artech House, [13] Medical Implant Communication Service (MICS) federal register, Rules and Regulations, vol.64, no.240, pp , Dec [14] D. Panescu, Wireless communication systems for implantable medical devices, IEEE Eng. Med. Biol. Mag., vol.27, no.2, pp , March-April [15] S. Kwak, K. Chang, and Y.J. Yoon, Ultra-wide band spiral shaped small antenna for the biomedical telemetry, Proc. Asia-Pactific Microw. Conf., vol.1, pp , Dec [16] IEEE Standard for local and metropolitan area networks Part 15.6: Wireless Body Area Networks, Feb [17] S. Alipour, F. Parvaresh, H. Ghajari, and F.K. Donald, Propagation characteristics for a 60 GHz wireless body area network (WBAN), Military Communications Conference, 2010 MILCOM 2010, pp , Nov [18] K. Ito, N. Haga, M. Takahashi, and K. Saito, Evaluations of body-centric wireless communication channels in a range from 3 MHz to 3 GHz, Proc. IEEE, vol.100, no.7, pp , July [19] A.A. Serra, P. Nepa, G. Manara, and P.S. Hall, Diversity measurements for on-body communication systems, IEEE Antennas Wireless Propag. Lett., vol.6, pp , [20] S. Gabriel, R.W. Lau, and C. Gabriel, The dielectric properties of biological tissues: II. Measurements in the frequency range 10 Hz to 20 GHz, Phys. Med. Biol., vol.41, pp , [21] K. Fukunaga, S. Watanabe, H. Asou, and K. Sato, Dielectric properties of non-toxic tissue-equivalent liquids for radiowave safety tests, Proc IEEE International Conference on Dielectric Liquids, pp , [22] P.S. Hall and Y. Hao, Antennas and Propagation for Body-Centric Wireless Communications, Second ed., Artech House, [23] A.W. Astrin, H-B. Li, and R. Kohno, Standardization for body area networks, IEICE Trans. Commun., vol.e92-b, no.2, pp , Feb [24] C.-H. Lin, Z. Li, K. Ito, M. Takahashi, and K. Saito, Dual-mode antenna for on-/off-body communications (10 MHz/2.45 GHz), Electron. Lett., vol.48, no.22, pp , Oct [25] T. Watanabe and H. Iwasaki, Wearable finger dual band antenna for BAN, IEEE APWC2012, Session 10-4, pp.51 54, Sept [26] 2 10 GHz B vol.j93-b, no.2, pp , Feb [27] UWB A P , July

9 [28] W.G. Scanlon, N.E. Evans, and J.B. Burns, FDTD Analysis of close-coupled 418 MHz radiating devices for human biotelemetry, Phys. Med. Biol., vol.44, pp , [29] J. Kim and Y. Rahmat-Samii, Implanted antennas inside a human body: Simulations, designs, and characterizations, IEEE Trans. Microw. Theory Tech., vol.52, no.8, pp , Aug [30] P. Soontornpipit, C.Y. Furse, and Y.C. Chung, Design of implantable microstrip antenna for communication with medical implants, IEEE Trans. Microw. Theory Tech., vol.52, no.8, pp , Aug [31] 2007 B-1-51, March [32] T. Karacolak, A.Z. Hood, and E. Topsakal, Design of a dual-band implantable antenna and development of skin mimicking gels for continuous glucose monitoring, IEEE Trans. Microw. Theory Tech., vol.56, no.4, pp , April [33] G. Collin, A. Chami, C. Luxey, P. Lethuc, and R. Starajleat, Human implanted spiral antenna for a 2.45 GHz wireless temperature and pressure SAW sensor system, 2008 IEEE AP-S Int. Symp./USNC/URSI Meeting, pp.1 4, July [34] R. Warty, M-R. Toghi, U. Kawoos, and A. Rosen, Characterization of implantable antennas for intracranial pressure monitoring: Reflection by and transmission through a scalp phantom, IEEE Trans. Microw. Theory Tech., vol.56, no.10, pp , Oct [35] P. Soontornpipit, C.M. Furse, and Y.C. Chung, Miniaturized biocompatible microstrip antenna using genetic algorithm, IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag., vol.53, no.6, pp , June [36] K. Gosalia, M.S. Humayun, and G. Lazzi, Impedance matching and implementation of planar space-filling dipoles as intraocular implanted antennas in a retinal prosthesis, IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag, vol.53, no.8, pp , Aug [37] B vol.j92-b, no.9, pp , Sept [38] B vol.j93-b, no.12, pp , Dec [39] W. Xia, K. Saito, M. Takahashi, and K. Ito, Performances of an implanted cavity slot antenna embedded in the human arm, IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag., vol.57, no.4, pp , April [40] H. Mizuno, M. Takahasi, K. Saito, N. Haga, and K. Ito, Design of a helical folded dipole antenna for biomedical implants, European Conference on Antennas and Propagation (EuCAP) 2011, pp , Rome, Italy, April [41] RFID BCT , pp.75 78, Feb [42] UWB B vol.j88-b, no.9, pp , Sept [43] vol.40, no.4, pp.45 52, Dec RFID RLSA IEEE 915

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