防衛研究所紀要　第８巻　第１号／山下　光　三校

Size: px

Start display at page:

Download "防衛研究所紀要　第８巻　第１号／山下　光　三校"

きのこねごろ
4 years ago
Views:

1 PKO: peacekeeping operations UNTSO: UN Truce Supervision Organization DPKO: Department of Peacekeeping Operations PKO PKO PKO PKO UNIKOM: UN Iraq-Kuwait Observation Mission PKO PKO PKOPKO PKO PKO peace-keeping PKO Cf., General Assembly Resolutions (GARs) 49/37 (9 December 1994), 50/30 (6 December 1995), 51/136 (13 December 1996), 52/69 (20 February 1998). UNTSO GAR 57/129 (24 February 2003). DPKO, United Nations Background Note (30 April 2005). Background Note (UNAMA: UN Assistance Mission in Afghanistan) (ONUCA: UN Observer Group in Central America)

2 PKO NATO: North Atlantic Treaty Organisation OSCE: Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe EU: European Union ECOWAS: Economic Community of West African States AU: African Union AMIB: African Mission in Burundi DDR: disarmament, demobilization, reintegration PKO PKO Trevor Findlay, The Use of Force in UN Peace Operations (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2002) John Mackinlay and Peter Cross, Regional Peacekeepers: The Paradox of Russian Peacekeeping (Tokyo: United Nations University Press, 2003) Decision on Darfur (Assembly/AU/Dec. 54(III), 6-8 July 2004). (MISAB: Inter-African Mission to Monitor the Implementation of the Bangui Agreements) Security Council Resolution (SCR) 1125 (6 August 1997). PKO PKO Statement by the President of the Security Council (S/PRST/1998/38, 29 December 1998). Albrecht Schnabel and Ramesh Thakur, From An Agenda for Peace to the Brahimi Report: Towards a New Era of UN Peace Operations?, in: United Nations Peacekeeping Operations: Ad Hoc Missions, Permanent Engagement, ed. Ramesh Thakur and Albrecht Schnabel (Tokyo: United Nations University Press, 2001), p. 248.

3 PKO PKO PKO PKO PKO John Gerald Ruggie PKO enforcement a conceptual void PKOPKO PKO PKO Lakhdar Brahimi PKO PKO John Gerald Ruggie, The UN and the Collective Use of Force: Whither or Whether?, in: The UN, Peace and Force, ed. Michael Pugh (London and Portland, OR: Frank Cass, 1997), p. 4. Report of the Panel on United Nations Peace Operations (A55/305-S/2000/809, 21 August 2000, Annex). Report of the Secretary-General: We the Peoples: the Role of the United Nations in the 21st Century (A/54/2000, 27 March 2000), pp

4 PKO PKO PKOPKO PKO PKO PKO PKO PKO PKO PKO PKO PKO PKO PKO Findlay, The Use of Force in UN Peace Operations, Appendixes 1-2 PKO PKO PKO UNEF I: UN Emergency Force I - UNTSOUN- MOGIP: UN Military Observer Group in India and PakistanUNEF I

5 PKO PKO PKO PKO ROE: rules of engagement PKO neutrality or equal treatment of all parties in all cases for all time adherence to the principles of the Charter and to the objectives of a mandate that is rooted in those Charter principles impartiality a credible deterrent threat PKO PKO UNEF I (Dag Hammarskjöld) Summary Study of the Experience Derived from the Establishement and Operation of the Force: Report of the Secretary-General (A/3943, 9 October 1958), paras ; Findlay, The Use of Force in UN Peace Operations, Ch.2. A55/305-S/2000/809, Annex, paras (paras ) PKO (para. 56) (in support of basic United Nations principles) (para. 62)PKO A55/305-S/2000/809, Annex, paras (para. 87)PKO

6 DPKO PKO PKO PKO peacekeeping Peacekeeping is a 50-year-old enterprise that has evolved rapidly in the past decade from a traditional, primarily military model of observing ceasefires and force separations after inter-state wars, to incorporate a complex model of many elements, military and civilian, working together to build peace in the dangerous aftermath of civil wars peace operations conflict prevention peacemaking peace-building (para. 88) (paras )(paras ) (paras )(paras ) (UNSAS: UN Standby Arrangements System) (brigade) PKO (paras ) A55/305-S/2000/809, Annex, paras ; see also paras A55/305-S/2000/809, Annex, paras PKO (conflict prevention/ preventive action, paras. 10 and 29-34) (peacemaking, para. 11) (peace-building, paras and 35-47) A55/305-S/2000/809, Annex, para.12.

7 PKO PKO PKO PKO neutrality impartiality PKO PKO PKO PKO traditional peacekeeping PKO complex peacekeeping PKO A55/305-S/2000/809, Annex, paras Ruggie, The UN and the Collective Use of Force, p. 14. A55/305-S/2000/809, Annex, para. 51.

8 PKO There are many tasks which the United Nations peacekeeping forces should not be asked to undertake, and many places they should not go. But when the United Nations does send its forces to uphold the peace, they must be prepared to confront the lingering forces of war and violence with the ability and determination to defeat them) PKO PKO A55/305-S/2000/809, Annex, para. 1; see also paras. 2 and 6(h). A55/305-S/2000/809, Annex, paras

9 peace-enforcement units PKO PKO for some time tocome PKO PKO PKO PKO (Special Committee on Peacekeeping Operations) (GAR 2006[XIX], 18 February 1965) General Assembly and Peacekeeping, online at accessed 19 May 2004 An Agenda for Peace: Preventive Diplomacy, Peacemaking and Peace-keeping (Report of the Secretary-General Pursuant to the Statement Adopted by the Summit Meeting of the Security Council on 31 January 1992) (A47/277-S/24111, 17 June 1992). A47/277-S/24111, para. 3; see also paras A47/277-S/24111, para. 44. (paras ) A47/277-S/24111, para. 20; see also paras

10 PKO PKO PKO PKO PKO PKO PKO constant danger Supplement to an Agenda for Peace : Position Paper of the Secretary-General on the Occasion of the Fiftieth Anniversary of the United Nations (Report of the Secretary-General on the Work of the Organization) (A50/60-S/1995/1, 3 January 1995). A50/60-S/1995/1, paras A/50/60-S/1995/1, para. 15.

11 PKO PKOmultifunctional peace-keeping operations PKO PKO PKO PKO enforcement PKO PKOalternative techniques adjacent points on a continuum A/50/60-S/1995/1, paras the United Nations remains neutral and impartial between the warring parties, without a mandate to stop the aggressor (if one can be identified) or impose a cessation of hostilities (para. 19). impartiality neutrality A/50/60-S/1995/1, paras A/50/60-S/1995/1, para. 22. PKO A/50/60-S/1995/1, para. 34. A/50/60-S/1995/1, paras

12 PKO PKO PKO PKO PKO PKOPKO PKO PKO A/50/60-S/1995/1, para. 33. PKO (para. 37) (rapid reaction force) (para. 43) PKO PKO (Convention on the Safety of United Nations and Associated Personnel) (A/RES/49/59, 9 December 1994) (preambular para. 7)

13 PKO PKOPKO PKO PKO safe areas UNPROFOR: UN Protection Force we tried PKO PKO Comprehensive Review of the Whole Question of Peace-keeping Operations in All Their Aspects (Report of the Special Committee on Peace-keeping Operations)(A/50/230, 22 June 1995), para. 14. A/50/230, para. 40. Comprehensive Reviews of the Whole Question of Peace-keeping Operations in All Their Aspects (Reports of the Special Committee on Peace-keeping Operations)(A/51/130, 7 May 1996), paras. 8 and 37; Comprehensive Review of the Whole Question of Peacekeeping Operations in All Their Aspects (Report of the Special Committee on Peacekeeping Operations)(A/52/209, 28 June 1997), paras. 12 and 41; Comprehensive Review of the Whole Question of Peacekeeping Operations in All Their Aspects (Report of the Special Committee on Peacekeeping Operations)(A/53/127, 21 May 1998), paras. 11 and 48; Comprehensive Review of the Whole Question of Peacekeeping Operations in All Their Aspects (Report of the Special Committee on Peacekeeping Operations)(A/54/87, 23 June 1999), paras. 13 and 49. Report of the Secretary-General pursuant to General Assembly Resolution53/35: The Fall of Srebrenica (A54/549, 15 November 1999).

14 to keep the peace and apply the rules of peacekeeping when there was no peace to keep UNPROFOR PKO PKO PKO the old rules of the game no longer held a credible military deterrent A54/549, para. 488; see also para A54/549, para A54/549, para. 499.

15 P K O PKO PKO PKO PKO war fighting PKO PKO A54/549, para. 498.

16 RPF: Rwandese Patriotic Front RPF DPKO UNAMIR: UN Assistance Mission in RwandaUNAMIR UNAMIRPKO PKOUNAMIR I proactive and assertive UNAMIRPKO UNAMIR UNAMIR Report of the Independent Inquiry into the Actions of the United Nations during the 1994 Genocide in Rwanda (S/1999/1257, 16 December 1999, Annex). S/1999/1257, p. 30. SCR 872 (5 October 1993). S/1999/1257, pp SCR 912 (21 April 1994), para. 8.

17 II UNAMIR II UNAMIR PKOPKO PKO UNAMIR PKO PKO UNAMIRUNAMIR more assertive SCR 918 (17 May 1994), para. 3. S/1999/1257, pp S/1999/1257, p. 39. S/1999/1257, p. 39. UNISOM II S/1999/1257, p. 41. S/1999/1257, pp neutrality, impartiality

18 PKO PKO PKOPKO PKO PKO PKO ROE PKO PKO PKO S/1999/1257, p. 51. S/1999/1257, p.55; see also p. 57. A/55/305-S/2000/809, paras. 50 and 62.

19 human dignity PKOPKO PKO PKO Jack Donnelly, International Human Rights (Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 1998) and Gerald I.A.D. Draper, The Development of International Humanitarian Law, in: United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organisation, International Dimensions of Humanitarian Law (Dordrecht: Martinus Nijhoff, 1989), pp

20 PKO PKO PKO PKO PKO PKO PKO Identical Letters Dated 21 August 2000 from the Secretary-General to the President of the General Assembly and the President of the Security Council (A/55/305-S/2000/809, 21 August 2000). GAR 55/2 (18 September 2000), para. 9. (UN Millennium Declaration) SCR 1318 (7 September 2000), Annex, para. IV. Report of the Secretary-General on the Implementation of the Report of the Panel on United Nations Peace Operations (A/55/502, 20 October 2000); see also Resource Requirements for Implementation of the Report of the Panel on United Nations Peace Operations (A/55/507, 27 October 2000). Implementation of the Recommendations of the Special Committee on Peacekeeping Operations and the Panel on United Nations Peace Operations (A/55/977, 1 June 2001). (Dennis C. Jett) (Frederick H. Fleitz, Jr.) PKO PKO (Oil-for-food Program) PKO Dennis C. Jett, Why Peacekeeping Fails (New York, NY:Palgrave, 2001), p. xviii; Frederick H. Fleitz, Jr., Peacekeeping Fiascos of the 1990s: Causes, Solutions and U.S. Interests (Westport, CT and London: Praeger, 2002), pp and

21 PKO PKO PKO PKOrapid deployment PKO PKO PKO International Peace Academy/ Center on International Cooperation, Refashioning the Dialogue : Regional Perspectives on the Brahimi Report on UN Peace Operations (Regional Meetings, February-March 2001: Johannesburg, Buenos Aires, Singapore, London) William J. Durch et.al., The Brahimi Report and the Future of UN Peace Operations (Washington, DC: The Henry L. Stimson Center, 2003) A/55/502, paras Comprehensive Review of the Whole Question of Peacekeeping Operations in All Their Aspects (Report ofthe Special Committee onpeacekeeping Operations)(A/C. 4/55/6, 4 December 2000), para. 15. A/55/977, para substantive

22 UNLB: United Nations Logistics Base DPKO PKO PKO DDR A/55/977, paras Comprehensive Review of the Whole Question of Peacekeeping Operations in All Their Aspects (Report of the Special Committee on Peacekeeping Operations)(A/55/1024, 31 July 2001), para. 29. A/55/1024, paras Implementation of the Recommendations of the Special Committee on Peacekeeping Operations and the Panel on United Nations Peace Operations (A/56/732, 21 December 2001), para. 7. PKO A/56/732, paras ; Implementation of the Recommendations of the Special Committee on Peacekeeping Operations (A/57/711, 16 January 2003), paras ; Implementation of the Recommendations of the Special Committee on Peacekeeping Operations (A/58/694, 26 January 2004), paras ; Implementation of the Recommendations of the Special Committee on Peacekeeping Operations (A/59/608, 15 December 2004), paras A/57/711, paras ; A/58/694, paras ; A/59/608, paras quick impact projects PKO Comprehensive Review of the Whole Question of Peacekeeping Operations in All Their Aspects (Report of the Special Committee on Peacekeeping Operations)(A/56/863, 11 March 2002), paras and 75-88; Comprehensive Review of the Whole Question of Peacekeeping Operations in All Their Aspects (Report of the Special Committee on Peacekeeping Operations)(A/57/767, 28 March 2003), paras , 22-33, 69-75, 80-96, , , and ; Report of the Special Committee on Peacekeeping Operations and Its Working Group at the 2004 Substantive Session (A/58/

23 PKO PKO PKO PKO a credible deterrent capability PKO concept of operation PKO essential to its success PKO PKO 19, 26 April 2004), paras , 25-26, 78-93, and ; Report of the Special Committee on Peacekeeping Operations and Its Working Group (2005 substantive session, 2005 resumed session) (A/59/19/Rev.1, 1 March 2005), paras , 17-18, 41-46, and SCR 1327, Annex, I, para. 2. A/C. 4/55/6, para. 8. (A/55/305-S/2000/809, para. 49) A/C.4/55/6, paras PKO A/C.4/55/6, para. 11. A/55/1024, para. 40. A/55/1024, para. 43; see also A/56/863, para. 55.

24 war-fighting machine ROE ROE PKOPKO PKO A/56/863, paras and A/57/767, paras and 46-49; A/58/19, paras. 9 and 36-39; A/59/19, paras. 9 and 30. NGO International Peace Academy / Center on International Cooperation, Refashioning the Dialogue, p.5and21. A/55/502, para. 7(e).

25 PKO PKO PKO PKO PKO Council on Foreign Relations (Impartiality does not and must not mean neutrality in the face of evil: it means strict and unbiased adherence to the principles of the Charter nothing more, nothing less). Kofi Annan, Podium: Impartiality Does Not Mean Neutrality, Independent, 22 January 1999.

26 PKO PKO PKO robust military peacekeeping PKO PKO PKO PKO PKO PKO PKO PKO PKO A/58/694, paras A/58/694, paras. 7-11; see also Report of the Independent Panel on the Security and Safety of UN Personnel in Iraq (20 October 2003). A/58/19, paras

27 PKO PKO PKO PKO PKO PKOPKO UNAMSIL: UN Mission in Sierra Leone UNAMSILRUF: Revolutionary United Front Lomé Peace Agreement PKO UNTSO UNMOGIPUNIFCYP: UN Peacekeeping Force in Cyprus UNDOF: UN Disengagement Observer Force UNIFIL: UN Interim Force in Lebanon MINURSO: UN Mission for the Referendum in Western Sahara UNOMIG: UN Observer Mission in GeorgiaUNMIK: UN Interim Administration in Kosovo UNMEE: UN Mission in Ethiopia and Eritrea PKO MINURSOUNMIK OSCE EU NATO KFOR Kosovo Force PKO SCR 50 (29 May 1948, UNTSO); SCR 47 (21 April 1948), Agreement between Military Representatives of India and Pakistan regarding the Establishment of a Cease-fire Line in the State of Jammu and Kashmir (29 July 1949, UNMOGIP); SCR 186 (4 March 1964, UNIFCYP); SCR 350 (31 May 1974, UNDOF); SCR 425 (19 March 1978, UNIFIL); SCR 690 (29 April 1991, MINURSO); SCR 937 (21 July 1994, UNOMIG); SCRs 1312 (31 July 2000), 1320 (15 September 2000), 1430 (14 August 2002, UNMEE); SCR 1244 (10 June 1999, UNMIK) (UNOMSIL: UN Observer Mission in Sierra Leone)ECOWAS ECOMOG: ECOWAS Military Observer

28 RUF UNAMSIL RUF To deter and, where necessary, decisively counter the threat of RUF attack by responding robustly to any hostile actions or threat of imminent and direct use of force DDR UNAMSIL UNAMSIL RUF direct imminent RUF UNAMSILPKO GroupUNAMSIL UNAMSIL SCR 1181(13 July 1998), para. 6; Findlay, TheUseof Force in UN Peace Operations, pp (SCR 1270, para. 8) (SCR 1289, 7February 2000, para. 10) ECOMOG UNAMSIL RUFUNAMSIL Findlay, The Use of Force in UN Peace Operations, pp SCR 1313 (4 August 2000), para. 3; Sixth Report of the Secretary-General on the United Nations Mission in Sierra Leone (S/2000/832, 24 August 2000), para. 4. UNAMISIL (Special Court for Sierra Leone) (para. 5) SCR 1270, para. 14; SCR 1289, para. 10.

29 UNAMSIL Expresses its intention UNAMSIL encourages the Secretary-General to proceed to its completion UNAMSIL UNAMSIL necessary actionunamsil UNAMSIL UNAMSIL all necessary means to carry out its mandate, within its capabilities and its areas of deployment SCR 1389, paras. 1-3; SCR 1537 (30 March 2004), para. 5; SCR 1562 (17 September 2004), paras. 2-3 (quotes from para. 3). Para. 3 SCR 1313, paras. 4 and 6. A/55/305-S/2000/809, para. 60. MONUC MONUC paras , 537 Report of the Secretary-General on the United Nations Organization Mission in the Democratic Republic of Congo (S/2000/30, 17 January 2000), paras ; SCR 1291 (24 February 2000), paras S/2000/832. Ninth Report of the Secretary-General on the United Nations Mission in Sierra Leone (S/2001/ 228, 14 March 2001). Para. 3. S/2000/832, para. 31; S/2001/228, para. 65; SCR 1346, para. 2.

30 UNAMSIL PKO PKO PKO UNMISET : UN Mission of Support in East Timor UNTAET : UN Transitional Administration in East Timor UNMISET the necessary actions...to fulfill its mandate PKO UNMIL : UN Mission in Liberia DDR S/2000/832, para. 56. See, e.g., SCR 1473 (4 April 2003), para. 1; SCR 1543 (14 May 2004), para. 3. SCR 1410 (17 May 2002), para. 2. SCR 1410, para. 6. UNTAET SCR 1272 (25 October 1999), para. 4. SCR 1509 (19 September 2003), para. 3. (Charles Taylor) UNMIL

31 UNMIL ECOMIL: ECOWAS Mission in Liberia DDR UNMIL ECOMIL ECOMIL Liberians United for Reconciliation and Democracy ECOWAS Authorizes the Member States participating in the Multinational Force in Liberia to take all necessary measures to fulfil its mandate ECOMILUNMIL stabilization force a robust approach ECOMIL... j to protect United Nations personnel, facilities, installations and equipment, ensure the security and freedom of movement of its personnel and, without prejudice to the efforts of the government, toprotect civilians under imminent threat of physical violence, within its capabilities... SCR 1521 (22 December 2003), para. 23. Report of the Secretary-General to the Security Council on Liberia (S/2003/875, 11 September 2003), paras SCR 1497 (1 August 2003), para. 1. S/2003/875, paras SCR 1497, para. 5 SCR 1509, para. 1; SCR 1497, paras S/2003/875, para. 57. SCR 1509, para. 3. Emphasis added.

32 UNMIL UNOCI: UN Operation in Côté d Ivoire MINUCI: UN Mission in Côté d IvoireECOWAS PKO ECOWASECOMICI: ECOWAS Mission in Côté d Ivoire UNMIL DDR UNMIL all necessary means UNOCIUNOCI UNOCI MONUC: Mission de l Organisation des Nations Unies en SCR 1528 (27 February 2004). UNMIL...without prejudice to the responsibility of the Government of National Reconciliation... SCR 1528, para. 6(i). SCR 1528, para. 6. See also Report of the Secretary-General on the United Nations Mission in Côté d Ivoire (S/2004/3, 6 January 2004), paras UN- OCISCR 1572 (15 November 2004), para. 7; SCR 1584 (1 February 2005), para. 2. SCR 1528, para. 8. (the Licorne forces) ECOMICIECOWAS S/2004/3, paras ; SCR1464 (4 February 2003). SCR 1528, para. 16.

33 la République Démocratique du CongoLusaka Ceasefire Agreement MONUC DDR DDR DDR...necessary action, in the areas of deployment of its infantry battalions and as it deems it within its capabilities... MONUC imminent threat of physical violence MONUC IturiHema Lendu IEMF: Interim Emergency Multinational Force Bunia SCR 1279, para. 5. MLC: Movement for the Liberation of the Congo Interahamwe Mai-Mai S/2000/30, paras SCR 1291, para. 4. SCR 1291, para. 7. SCR 1355, paras SCR 1291, para. 8. See SCRs 1304 (16 June 2000), 1341 (22 February 2001), 1355, 1376 (9 November 2001), 1399 (19 March 2002), 1417 (14 June 2002), 1445 (4 December 2002), 1468 (20 March 2003). SCR 1417, para. 7.

34 measures IEMF MONUC DDR necessary measures MONUC MONUC all necessary MI- NUSTAH: UN Stabilization Mission in Haiti Jean-Bertrand Aristide Boniface Alexandre Multinational Interim Force MINUSTAH DDR SCR 1484 (30 May 2003), paras. 1 and 4. SCR 1493 (28 July 2003), paras. 5 and SCR 1493, para. 20. SCR 1533 (12 March 2004), para. 4. SCR 1565 (1 O ctober 2004) MONUC ONUB: UN Operation in Burundi SCR 1529 (29 February 2004). UNMIL UNOCI (without prejudice to the responsibilities of the Transitional Government and of police authorities) SCR 1529, para. 7(f). SCR 1542, paras. 7-8; see also Report of the Secretary-General on Haiti (S/2004/300, 16 April 2004),

35 ROE PKO Palipehutu-Forces Nationales de Libération ONUB: UN Operation in BurundiAU AMIB DDR DDR all necessary means DDR PKOUNMIS: UN Mission in SudanSPLM/A: Sudan People s Liberation Movement /Army IGAD: Intergovernmental Authority in Development UNMIS para. 70. S/2004/300, para Report of the Secretary-General on Burundi (S/2004/210, 16 May 2004), paras AMIB ONUBUN Office in BurundiS/2004/210, para. 64. Para. 5. (...without prejudice to the responsibility of the transitional Government of Burundi...) Paras (Darfur)(JEM: Justice and Equality Movement SLA: Sudan Liberation Army) (Janjaweed) JEM SLA

36 PKO MONUC imminent threat of physical violence necessary action PKO PKO PKO UNAMSIL MONUC UNMISET UNOCI MONUC ONUBMINUSTAH UNAMSIL UNMIL MONUC PKO PKO PKO SCR 1556 (30 July 2004), paras. 7-9; SCR 1591 (29 March 2005), para. 3; SCR 1593 (31 March 2005), para.1. SCR 1590 (24 March 2005), para. 4; see also Report of the Secretary-General on the Sudan (S/ 2005/57, 31 January 2005), paras SCR 1590, para. 16(i). UNMIL UNOCI ONUB (...without prejudice to the responsibility of the Government of Sudan...)

37 PKO PKO PKOPKO PKO PKO PKOPKO PKO PKO PKO PKO PKO PKO (Australian Strategic Policy Institute) Hikaru Yamashita, Peace Support and Changing Terms of International Involvement (Paper Presented at the NIDS-ASPI Workshop in Canberra, 5 October 2004).

38 PKO PKO Military Staff Committee PKO PKO PKO PKO See, e.g., Philip Bobbit, The Shield of Achilles: War, Peace and the Course ofhistory(london: Penguin Books, 2002); Max Weber, The Profession and Vocation of Politics, in: Political Writings, trans. and ed. Peter Lassman and Ronald Speirs (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1994), pp Norrie MacQueen, The United Nations since 1945: Peacekeeping and the Cold War (London and New York, NY: Longman, 1999), p. 10.

39 PKO PKO PKO PKO PKO PKO PKO PKO PKO UNAM- SIL UNOCIPKO PKO (UNAMI: UN Assistance Mission in Iraq) (Office of Security Coordinator, UN Security and Safety Services, DPKO (Directorate of Security) Strengthened and Unified Security Management System for the United Nations (Report of the Secretary- General)(A/59/365, 11 October 2004). PKO PKO

40 PKO right responsibility PKO International Commission on Intervention and State Sovereignty (ICISS), The Responsibility to Protect (Ottawa: International Development Research Centre, 2001); Michael Ignatieff, State Failure and Nation-building, in: Humanitarian Intervention: Ethical, Legal and Political Dilemmas, ed. J.L. Holzgrefe and Robert O. Keohane (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2003), pp Robert O. Keohane, Political Authority after Intervention: Gradations in Sovereignty, in: Holzgrefe and Keohane, Humanitarian Intervention, pp ; see also Stephen D. Krasner, Sovereignty: Organized Hypocrisy (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1999). See, e.g., Hikaru Yamashita, Fighting Terrorism and Fighting Humanitarian Emergencies: Two Approaches to Elastic Sovereignty? Cambridge Review of International Affairs 18, no.1 (April 2005), pp

41 PKO PKO PKO PKO PKO PKO DPKO

654†i”ð‹ä”††j

654†i”ð‹ä”††j Sakai Hironobu 2015 9 28 2 PKO PKO PKO 1 PKO PKO PKO PKO 9 2 9 9 PKO 9 2 2015 9 3 PKO 2015 PKO No. 654 2016 9 17 1 PKO 1 PKO PKO PKO 4 PKO 7 5 PKO 1990 1990 1999 PKO 7 robust PKO 6 2000 3 7 PKO PKO PKO

防衛研究所紀要 第８巻 第１号／山下 光 三校

防衛研究所紀要　第８巻　第１号／山下　光　三校