,..,... I /.. ;... -, :,,,,.,, -..., , 2008
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- としなり えいさか
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1 «..».. I 2008
2 ,..,... I /.. ;... -, :,,,,.,, -..., , 2008
3 ...4 I II III I II III IV.,
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10 «-»,.,, -,,. :. (1.4).,,,, ( ), -,,,,,,, 1.5-0,4,, ( ),, 0,34,,, ( ) 0,3,,,,, - 0,2, 0,1,, III :, (1.5) n ; j (n = 2,3 j = I, n = 1,3 j = II, n = 0,87 j = IV). 2,5 II, 8 III 11 IV III 3,2; 1,6; 1 0,7.,, P : P Sqrt( Sum( K 2 j)), (1.6) Sqrt( Sum( K j 2 j)), III ; j -. P j 1 10
11 (. 59) (. 58) > > > > > ,, ,., - ;,. - ( ).,,,., - ( ) - :,,,,, ,,,,, -,, - - ( ). - - ( ), -, -., - ( ),, -. 11
12 1.7 K, / 3 K, / 3 ( Hg) 0,0001 0,0005 ( ) 0,05 0,7 0,01 1,0,,,,., -. - i - i, B i : K i =C i / i ; (1.7) H i =N i /N i ; (1.8) B i =K i H i, (1.9) i i- ; i i- - ; N i i- ; N i i-., 11, ( ) ( ) :, - 5, - 12
13 .,.,, ( ),, -,., -. - Z c. : = / (1.10), -, - : (1.11) i i- ; n. K - Z ,, -, - 128, - ( -, -,, - ). 13
14 - (,, ), -. ( ) ( ) -, ( ) , ( -, ).,,., -.. K 1.9 I II III IV K, / 3 0,1 0,1-1, , /
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16 - (4 ) - - -,,, - - (1 ) (1 ) (1 ) - -,, - - : " " ( ); ; ;,.,.. : -,. : - ; - ; - ; - ; -. : - ; - ; - ; - ; - ; - ; -, ; -. : - ; - ; - ; - ; - ; -. : - ; - ; 16
17 - ; -, - ( ). : - ; - ; - ; -. : - ; - ; - ; - ; : -, : -, ; -, ; - ; -, ; - ; -, ; - ; - ; - ; - ; - ; -. -,,... - ( 5 )., :. 3,, : - ; - ; - - ; - -. o., -,,. 17
18 , -. o -, ( ) - -, -. -,, ( - ) ,, - - -,. - " " ( ) (., " ", " " ).,
19 - : o ; o ; o ; o ; o ; o ; o ; o ; o ; o ; o - ; o ; o - ; o ;. : ;,,, -, ; ; ; - -. : ;. - - ; ; ; - ;,,, ; - ; ; ;.,, -, -. -, 15-20%, 1961., - 19
20 .., % , -. -, - -.,, , 400., / " ". " - " - " ". 10. : -, - ; - - ; - ; ; ;. -,,,, -,. -, -,,. -,,. -,, -. 20
21 - - - ( ) ( ),, -. ( ). ( ). - ( ).,., , XVI..... ( ). ( ) - - ( ),,. - ( ). ( ). : -, ; - ; ; -, ( - ). - -,,, ( ). ( ). - ( ) -,., -,. - - ( ). - -,,,,,,. - ( ). - ( " ") -, - 21
22 -. ( ) , - ( ) ( ). ( ). - ( ).. -, -,, -,,. ( ) ( ),. (, ) ; - - ; ( ).. - " ", -, , , - - -, - -, - - -, 22
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25 1.3. (.., 2005), -,,., , (,..),.,,, , ( ),.,.. -,. -,, -, -. -, -. -, -., - : - ; - ;, -, ;. 25
26 , - ( ). - :, - ;,, - ;, -.., ; ;, - ; ; - ; - ; ( ) ;, -,,..,, -, -,. -,. (. 1), - -.,, -, -. ( ), -, MathCAD, Surfer. -, -. 26
27 ( ).,,,,,,,,., -,, -. -, -.,, - -,,,, -. -,., «- - -». -, -, -. 27
28 II ,, -. - ( ). -.. : -, ; - ; -,,,.,,. 65 -, 21, 21 -, 16, 18, 343, 22, , 4142,, 140, 5, , ( 20, 320 )., ( ) (, ). -, -,.., -.., ,..,,. 28
29 , , - (, -,..). 10 3, : 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 -, , : ( ), -., ,, :,,.., ,,,. -,,,,,.., -,, - ( 2.1).. 29
30 , -. -,, - ( ). 1 s: s c, -, - 2,. v v c, (2.1) c -, - (, ) ( 10 1 ). 0, , : Ci, Cc, Cs, As, Sc, Nc, St, Cu, Cb %. - Cb, Cb. - :,,, : 1) ; 2) ( - ) ; 3),. (LiDaR - Light Detection and Ranging) (. 4.1). - 30
31 -., -, ,,, -,,.. -, -.,,. ( ).,,, 90,, - -.,. ~10-6 2, / 2.,, -,, - (,..). ( ), - (,,, ). -, (, 2003). 31
32 1 2 W , 6 7, 8. W sc r F r W sc ( r) W0 n( r) k( r), (2.2) 2 4 r -, n(r), k(r), F, -, r= / ( ), 1064 ( ), 532 ( ) 355 ( ) : -. ( -, 1928).,.,,.. 32
33 : 1 ; 2 ; 3 ; 4 ; 5 - ; 6 ; 7 ; 8 ; 9 ; (, - ).. 2.5, - (, 2003).,,, d ( ). -, = R R d
34 ., =4,6, - NO 2 =488.,., -..,.. -, -. -, (,,.),. ( ) -.,. - ( -2, -2.),.,,. -, /. - -2, -, ±10% (. 2.6) , -,,,, -.,,, -,,. 34
35 . 2.6., -4.,. :,,,,,, -,,,,,, -, -, -, -, -, -, 2,3-, 2,4-, 2,5-, 2,6-, 3,4-, 3,5-, 1,2,4-, 1,3,5, 2,4,6, 2-, 3-,
36 2.2.,,,., -., -. - : -, ; - ; - ; - ; - ; -. 9,,, (,, - ). ( - 10 ) ,, 600, c (mooring) 36
37 ) ; 2) ( ) -, -., -.,, -,,,. - : ( ) -., : - ; - ; - ; - ; - ( 5 ); - ; - ; - ; - :,,, - ; -.,,. 10 ( -, 10,, -, 10 Ci 10, (2.2) i 1 i i i-, i. ( ) ( ). 2.1, 2,2 (, 1994). 37
38 2.1, I-II III-IV 10 I-II III-IV >10 >100 >80 >500, / < , % - > >100, 5, < >10, < >20, / <1 2-3 >3 2.2 (,,,, ), >100, <1 1-3 >3, ( ), <1 1-3 >3, 2 <0,5 3-5 >8, / < >100, -,. ( -,.),,,.,,, 38
39 . -,, - -, (, 1984). I., -,, -. - : 1) (,,,,, ); 2) (,, 5,,..); 3) (, -,, - ); 4) -, (,,..). II -, -. -., I. III I, II III.,, ; - -, (, 2004). 39
40 :.. -,.. - -, 1, 2, d -,, (. 2.9).. 2.9, -, -. (. 2.10). 40
41 : 1, 2 -, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 (, 1997), - ( ), :, : - ; - - ; - ; - ; -. : - ; - ; - ; -. : -,,, (5 10. ), - ; -,..; - ; -. 1), 0,5, (,, ; 4 - T ).,,
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43 - ( ); - ( -, ; - ( - ) ( ), - ( ),,. 3 H, 14 C, ( -, ). - ( ); - (, ); - (,, ph-, -.; - (,.).,, -,. : - (,, - ) (, ),..; - ( - ); - ; - ; (, 1982) 43
44 ( ), ( ) (, 1997) 44
45 ) -, ; ) ; ), ; ),. -., : ),, ; ) ( ), -., (,,,.);, -.,,,,,.. ( ): 1) ( - ). -. 2) - ( -, - -. (, - ). -,. -, -, , :, ;, ;, - ; 45
46 , ( ) - ( ) ( ) - : - ( ) (Zc). ( i) / ( i): C i K c (2.3) C i ( - ): n zc K C ( n 1), (2.4) i i 1 n, K C - i- i 2.3 (, 1994) z c < , -, - - >128, - ( -,, -..) 46
47 -, (,,..),,. -, , % < >50, % > <30, < >10, <0,5 0, >5,.% <0,6 0, >3,.% <0,3 0,3-0,4 0,4-0,6 >0,6, - <1,1 1,1-1,3 1,3-1,4 >1,4 ( - ), <1,1 1,1-1,4 1,4-2,0 >2,0,,, -. -., - : -,, -,,, -., -, -..,,, -,.. -, - : dgps (Differential Global Positioning System) LINS (Laser Inertial Navigation System). dgps. LINS - :,
48 ,, -. -.,, -.,, -,, -. TopoSys ( ) 0,06., -, 0,10. ALTM, Optech (., 2007) ALTM-3100: ( ), ( ),, -,. -,,,. («-») D., - (,, ). - («-»), (. 2.14). 48
49 2.14. ( - ), - X, Y, Z,,.. - GPS ,,. - -, -., :,,,,,,., «-». - (. 2.5) GPS ( ) 49
50 - : 1) ; 2) , , -, X p, Y p, Z p.,, , - -., -, I,..,., -,,, -., ( - 50
51 ), -., -, X p, Y p, Z p, I, - t -. -, -, : L={X pi, Y pi, Z pi, I i, t i } I = 1,...,N, (2.5) L - -, N - L. - ( ) (,, -, -,,, ).,,.,..,, -, ( ). ( ),, -. ( ) - -,., ( - ), ( ).,..,, -,. - -.,,..,,,, -.,. ( ) ( ) - -, -,,.. - ( ) ( ). -, - -,,, -,. - : 51
52 ,,.,, - ( ) - ( = + ) - ( = + )., - ( ), ( ), -, ( ) ( ) -. -,.., -,, -., - ( ),. : ( ), - ( - ), ( ),,, -,, ; ( ),,. -,, : = 1, 2, 3,,, (4, 5, 6), (7, 8, 9), (10, 11, 12), - (13) (14). (d ), -.,.. (N=V n /V ). - - : ( ), ( ). -, -,, (,, ), ( ), ( ). -,.,,., K av b c, (2.6) p a, b, c-, ( ) - K, (V p ), - ( ) ( ) , - :, (2.7) : 52
53 0 ( ) ( ). (2.8). -,.,.. ( ), ( ), ( ) ( ).,. -,, -., -.,, - ( )., -,. : 1. ( -, -, -, -, - ); 2. (,,, ); 3., ( -,,, ); 4. (,, -, ). ( ),,.,, :,, -.,,, -,.,, -.,, : -. -,, : ( - ), (, -, - ), - (,,, -, ). - (, ), -,,
54 . -,,., -, , - (,,,,.). -,, -., ,,,,,., -.,, -, ,, -,. 54
55 2.4., - (., 1994;,, 2000;, 1997;, 1997;, 1990; -,, 1980;, ).. (. monitor ). ( - ) -. ( -, ). - -, ; -. -, -. - ( ). (,, 2000): - ; - ; -, ; -, - ; - ; - ; -.,, - : -,, -,.,, -,, - -., -,, (., 2000): - (, ); - ; -. 55
56 1999 -, -. 3 : -,. 5 : (1 ); (2 ); (3 ); - (4 ) (5 ).,,., -. -, : - - ; - (, ) ; ; - -, (,,,..).,,, -. F ,7 (2800 ), - - ( -, 2000)., XXI -,, -,,. (, 2003).,,, -,. -,, -. -,,. I II ( - ), III,... III,, -,. -. III ( 11-, 27-, -,.) («-»),. 56
57 - (. 2.6), NOAA Space Environment Center Boulder. Colorado, USA. 2.6 NOAA SEC Report of Solar-Geophysical Activity 25 Jan 2002 :Product: Report of Solar-Geophysical Activity :Issued: 2002 Jan UT #Prepared jointly by the U.S. Dept. of Commerce, NOAA, #Space Environment Center and the U.S. Air Force. #Joint USAF/NOAA Report of Solar and Geophysical Activity SDF Number 025 Issued at 2200Z on 25 Jan 2002 IA. Analysis of Solar Active Regions and Activity from 24/2100Z to 25/2100Z: Solar activity was low. Region 9794 (N13W03) produced the largest flare of the past day, a C6/Sn at 25/0225 UTC. Region 9787 (S09W21) remains the largest sunspot group on the visible disk but is not particularly complex and has not produced major activity. New Regions 9800 (N07E63) and 9801 (S03E77) rotated into view. IB. Solar Activity Forecast: Solar activity is expected to be low to moderate. C-level activity is expected to continue and there is a small chance of an isolated M-class flare. IIA. Geophysical Activity Summary 24/2100Z to 25/2100Z: The geomagnetic field was quiet to unsettled. IIB. Geophysical Activity Forecast: The geomagnetic field is expected to be quiet to unsettled. III. Event Probabilities 26 Jan-28 Jan Class M 30/30/30 Class X 01/01/01 Proton 01/01/01 PCAF green IV. Penticton 10.7 cm Flux Observed 25 Jan 235 Predicted 26 Jan-28 Jan 240/245/ Day Mean 25 Jan 223 V. Geomagnetic A Indices Observed Afr/Ap 24 Jan 003/004 Estimated Afr/Ap 25 Jan 006/006 Predicted Afr/Ap 26 Jan-28 Jan 008/ / /010 VI. Geomagnetic Activity Probabilities 26 Jan-28 Jan A. Middle Latitudes Active 15/15/15 Minor storm 05/05/05 Major-severe storm 01/01/01 B. High Latitudes Active 20/20/20 Minor storm 05/05/05 Major-severe storm 01/01/01,
58 , XXI., ,, - -.,,.,, -, , -,,,, (,., 2000): 1)
59 (, ), ) N 2, O 2 O, N, He, H, N 2 +, O 2 +, NO+, N+, H+, - ( ). 3), : - 11-,, ~ ( - : -, ~3 ~ : -, ( ~8 600 ). XX ( ),.,,,,,, (.., 2000).,, : 1) ; 2) - - ; 3) (.2.18). 59
60 ,,,. Haystek. -,, ( ),,. - (, 2001;, 1995) - -,, -, /.,, -. 60
61 -., - -,.,, (, ), - ( ), GOES (USA), YOHKOH (Japan), SOHO (USA)., , - Cluster, -,.,., -,. - (Cornilleau- Wehrlin, 2001).,.., -., :, -,, -,,, ( ,. -,.,,,., -, (.., 1997), -.. -,, , :,,, -..,., - 61
62 , -.,,, , -., (.., 1997).,, -,, , (, 1999): -,, -, ; -, -, - ; -,,, ; -,, -,., ,, -,, (, 2004) -,. : 300 1,2-2 ( - 8 ) , -. 62
63 / , , ,., , 20 ( 0,5Å).. - ( 5,5 ) , %. 9,3-10. CO 2 H 2 O. ( >100 ) - 2,
64 , -.,, ,, (, 2005)., -, , 40.,,, -, 40, , 2-3,. -, :, -, (, - )., 200., -, 5-6..,. 50-, - -.,,, 50-, 60-,, , -,, ( ). -,, -,, -, -., -, -., , - (, 2005). 64
65 ,, - ( ,, 2000). (4), -,.,, 2 (Goldstein, 1995). -,, «Haystak» ( ) «Fgan» ( ) (, 1997;, 2001). -,., -. P 0 - (, 1979) P 0 2 GAg R P, (2.9) 2 2 (4 r ),, R -, r, G, - 4 A G, (2.10) 2, g. =12,5 g=0,1. 65
66 ,., -,., - 2 R 4 2 R 9 ( ) ( R) R. - (,.., 1998) P A A 1 2 s, (2.11) r1 r2 1 2, r 1 r 2 -., kt s, (2.12) k,, - - ( ). : s / s, -, (. 2.7), : -,, (.. ) -. 66
67 : -.. ( ).,,. -, - ( )., - 0,1 0,01 2,. AN/FPS , 58,5, , - (,, 2002). (, 2001). «-» -1500,. (.), - 3,9., , (Molotov, et al, 2004). -, (. 2.22),.,, -, ( ), -.,, -, -. - (, 2006) : -75 ( ); 107 ( ), 3 ; 6 ( ). -, (Zaitsev., 2002). 67
68 2.7, 12,6 3, , , , 2 - -, - -, - -, ,8 0,8 1,7 1, , 1979.,, ( ), (, 2004). 68
69 , - (., 2001). - (1. 4.5) ( ) (2) - ~ ,,, - ( -, )., -, - 1 (., 2000;., 1998). (., 2000): - - ( ); ( -,, );. ( ); -...,,, -,. 69
70 , - -,. (3),,, ( -,.), - (, 1998). ( ) ( ). ( ),, (,, 1985) a F( ) S M ( z) 1 E E P ( ), (2.13) z 2 d E -, d -, a -, S, F( ),, P - - 1, M(z), - -,.,,,.. a F( )., ( ). - : -,, (, 1994, ). - (,,, ).,, -, ( ), -., -,,, BVR-, -. B ( m =440 ), V ( m =550 ) R ( m =720 ). BVR- - (Murtazov, 2004),. -,,.,, -, -. 70
71 , ( ), All-Sky (, - ). -., ( -, 2001)., - : -,,, - Spacewatch, -.., - ( ), LINEAR (Lincoln Near Earth Asteroid Research. 2.23), GEODSS LINEAR (Near Earth Objects NEOs), (Potentially Hazardous Objects - PHOs) 850 (AIAA Planetary Defense Conference. - George Washington University, March, 2007) (Near Earth Object Program) 71
72 ( - ), (. 2.25) (,, - ) (, 2007) -,,,. - - (. 2.26)
73 , (, - ), (,, 2004, 2006) ,, - -, , -, -.,,,, -., -, ,, -,., -, -, -. XXI.2.27 (, 1995;,, 2000). -,., -., ( ) -, -., % 73
74 - -., -,. - -.,, / 0, : 1- ; 2- ; 3- ; 4- - ; 5- ; 6- ; 7- ; 8- ; 9- - ; 10- ; 11- ; , -, CO 2., - (., 2001): -,, ; -, ; -. 74
75 - (., 2000) %, ( -., 2000).,,., 0, ,, - (,, 2000).,, -, -. -,, , (., 2001) GORID (Geostationary Impact Detector) - «-2» (,,, 2001) LDEF (Long Duration Exposure Facility) (. 2.28),. 75
76 LDEF, - (,, 2002). -, 0,1 0,5% -, 6-7 / d k >0,03-0, ,, S=50 2, - 30% 1/4., XXI, -, -. - (. 2.29) (,, 2000)., ( - ), - -,, -,
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78 2.5. (, 1999),,, - -, ,,,,. -,,,,,, ,,. ( - ). -,,,,,. :.., -, ,., -, -.,,, :, -,,.,., - -.,.., -, -,
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80 ., , ,0-8,4. - -,, -. :,,,,,. -,. - ( ), ( ), -,,,,. -. (COD - Chemical Oxygen Demand) - -,. -, - : Fe(II):,,. -. CO 2.,., -. (BOD - Biochemical Oxygen Demand) -, Mn(II), - : O 2 + 2Mn(OH) 2 2MnO 2 aq + 2H 2 O (2.14) - : MnO 2 aq + 4H + + I - Mn I 2 + 2H (2.15) 2, 3, 5, ,,...,.,,,. ( - ),,. -, -. 80
81 -,. -,. -, -. - : (,, ),,, -, ;, -., -,,., - :,, -,, - -., - (, ), - ( - ), ( ), ( ). - -,,. -., : -, -. -, : -,,,,,.,,, ppb (part per billion -, 0, / ) , ( -, ),,, -,,,. -, - ( ) - 81
82 -., - -,.. ( ) -, -,,, -.., -, -,, - -,, -. :,. Eh. Eh,, - -,, , -., -. -, -.. -, ,, -, -.,. :,, -, ,,,..,
83 III 3.1.,,, : -, -,, - (0,001 Å 0,1 Å), (100 Å 0,1 Å). - 2, 4, ( ) , ( ),., , 2,5., , , -..,., - -,. - 0, ( ) (, 83
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85 -. -,. -,.,., - ( ). -,,.. -, -,.,. -, -. -, -., ( ).,., ( ) -., W,,., - - =h =1, F dn, dt,, [F]=c -1 dn F. (3.11) dt -1, -. dn, ds, [ ]= -2 dn. (3.2) ds - df, -, ds, [ ]= df d d N. (3.3) ds dt dsdt ( ) E E+dE de, d d F d d N ( E). (3.4) de dsde dtde dsdtde 85
86 [ ( )]=1 c , , 1. : ; F w dw, - dt,, [F w ]=. dw F w. (3.5) dt w dw -,, ds, [ w ]= / 2 dw w. (3.6) ds w F w -,, ds, [ w ]= / 2 2 dfw d w d w w. (3.7) ds dt dsdt : ) - (, ; ), ; ).,,, -. ( - ) ,, -,, : , X A Z Y ; (3.8) A 4 4 Z 2 He A X Z Y e. (3.9) A 0 Z 1 1 ( - ). -, -, - (, -137), - (, -90) - (, ). 86
87 .. -,. 1/2, -. ( - ). -, -, - (, -137), - (, -90) - (, ).. -,. dt dn, dn Ndt. (3.10) -,. N t dn dt N N 0 0 N t N 0 e, (3.12) N 0, N t, -,, 1. 1/ -., - 1/2 : N , T ln 2. N 0 e T 1 ln 1/ 2 T1/ ,69 T 1/ 2 ln 2. dn A ( dt, ). dn ln 2 A N N, dt T1/ 2 (3.13), /2 U U 235 4, Rn 222 3, , 137 Cs 55 27, Sr 51 87
88 , dn -, - dt,, [A]= -1. dn A. (3.14) dt 1, - - -, - ( ) 1 ( -1 ) = 3, ( )=10 6. m, [ m ]= / A A m. (3.15) m - - ( -1-2 ). - -, - 1. dq D0. (3.16) dm ( / ). -, ( ) 2, ,. 1 =2, /. / = / ( ) / ( ) dd0 P0. (3.17) dt 1 / =2, /. - ( ).,,, ,,, - (.. ).,,., -,., -,. 88
89 . -., - -, - «-96». :,, : de D. (3.18) dm ( - ), 1 1 (1 = 1 / ). - : 1 =10-2 =10-2 /. -, -., -. 1., -., -, -, ( ).,. 2., - -. dd dd dt,, /. dt de k -,, dm. [ ]= dek K. (3.19) dm,, - 1, 1. D. -, - ( ),. D D, (3.20) 89
90 . =1 -.,. - - (. 3.2)., 1,, (, ) , =1 1 ( =1)=100 1( =1)=100 1,, - 1 =1. -,.., ( - ),.. ; -. H ef -,,, - H ef N H i 1 n W. (3.21) : 1 H ef =0,12, -, 0,12 -, , 50% ( 50 ) n 90
91 3.3 50, 50, 1,5-2,5 2,0-3,8 2,5-3,0 2,5-3,5 2,5-6,0 6,0-15,0 7,0-9,0 8,0-20,0 8,0-20,0 9,0-10,0 9,0-10,0 80, ,0-100,0 10, ,, /. ( ). - /. 28 / , 0,05 0,2 / ( ) (, -, - - ),.,,, -. : (,, ); ( ) ; ;,,, -. :,». -, -,. -,.. -, { ),... (, - ) , -,,
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96 ,, -.. : ). 0,7-1. -,. -. ) -,,. -,. ( /, / ) 1-1,5., , ,7-1. ) ,5. -, -., -, -. -2, - 0, ,. -2 : ; - ;, ( ) , -5., , -343, ( ) -1 (. 3.6) -, ,01 / 999 / 2 : «mr/h» ( / ) 0, / ; «R/h» ( / ) 0, / ; -1 : 1; 2 ( -1-1); 3 ( -1-2); 4; 5 ( ); 9 ; 6; 7; 8. 96
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