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1 25 3 PASCAL 3.1 PASCAL, PASCAL, PASCAL,.,, PASCAL PASCAL,.,.,.. test.p,.p..,,. 3.3 PASCAL. 1. (Mule ),. 2.,. 3.., Mule, hello.p,,. % pc hello.p -o hello -o hello, hello., -o hello, a.out. hello %./hello.,./ 1. Exercise test.p 1 UNIX,.

2 26 % pc test.p -o test,, % test, PASCAL PASCAL SPARCompiler SUN MicroSystems., ANSI,., PASCAL, SPARCompiler.,,,. 3.4 PASCAL PASCAL Program PASCAL,,,.,,.,,, ;, end., C, ;, Bachus-Naur formula PASCAL, Bachus-Naur formula (BNF). BNF, ::= { } BNF, PASCAL. {}. BNF Id: P1.tex,v /04/21 02:09:32 naito Exp

3 27 ::=. ::= program ( {, } ) ; ::= ::= { } ::= ::= PASCAL PASCAL,,,,,,.,. PASCAL, 2., PASCAL,,.,.,,,, ,.,., {, }., {}, (* *). 3., ,,,,,. PASCAL,., ,, PASCAL. PASCAL. ::= + - * / = < > [ ]., := ; ; ( ) <> <= >=.. ^ SPARCompiler,. ~ &! # % 2 SPARCompiler, default.,. 3 SPARCompiler, /*, */, ".,. Id: P1.tex,v /04/21 02:09:32 naito Exp

4 28, SPRACompiler. ::= + - * / = < > [ ]., := ; ; ( ) <> <= >=.. ^ ~ &! # % ,,. and array case const div do downto else file for forward function goto if in label main mod nil not of or packed procedure program record repeat set then to type until var while with, SPARCompiler,. define extern external module otherwise private public static univ PASCAL, $, _,, system,. PASCAL. abs arctan boolean char chr cos dispose eof eoln exp false get input integer ln maxint new odd ord output page pred put read readln real reset rewrite round sin sqr sqrt succ text true trunc write writeln, SPARCompiler, FALSE TRUE addr alfa argc argv arshft asl asr assert bell card clock close date discard double exit expo firstof flush getenv getfile halt in_range index integer16 integer32 intset land lastof length linelimit lnot longreal lor lshft lsl lsr max maxchar message min minchar minint next null open pack random remove return rshft seed shortreal single sizeof stlimit string substr sysclock tab time trim univ_ptr unpack varying wallclock xor PASCAL 4.,. ::= { } ::= ::=.. E E ::= ::= ::= + -, E E+8 4,. Id: P1.tex,v /04/21 02:09:32 naito Exp

5 29, 87.35E+8, (+8)., SPARCompiler, 2 36., ::= { } BASE ::= BASE ::= BASE # ::= BASE, A Z. [0, maxint] ,. ::=, ,. ::= ::= ::= = PASCAL,.,,..,,.,. Example x 15 sin(x+y) x*y x+y -x x = 1.5,,. Id: P1.tex,v /04/21 02:09:32 naito Exp

6 , PASCAL,., ;. Example x := y + z,., end. Example a := b ; c := d ; end Example { Program 1 Hello World.. } program Hello_World (output) ; writeln( Hello World. ),. (,,.) program Hello_World (output) ;., Hello_World.,,, output.,, input.. PASCAL, end..,.. Id: P2.tex,v /04/21 02:10:17 naito Exp

7 31 writeln( Hello World. ) writeln,,, 5.,., ;. end, ;.,,. C,. PASCAL. Exercise Program 1,. ( ) ( ) ( ), 3.6 Section 3.4.1, PASCAL.,. BNF,. ::=. ::= program ( {, } ) ; ::= ::= { } ::= ::=,,,,, , PASCAL,.,, input output,. readln, writeln, input, output ,., 6. 5.,. 6,,. Id: P3.tex,v /04/21 02:12:24 naito Exp

8 32, PASCAL goto, PASCAL, goto,.. ::= label {, } ; ::=, [0, 9999].,,,., ::= const = ; { = ; }.,. ::= ::=,,,,,. Example const a = 32 ; b = 1.0 ; c = -2.0 ; d = a ; e = -b ; f = ; PASCAL,,. PASCAL.. ::= type = ; { = ; } ::=., Example, PASCAL.,,. ::= var {, } : ; { {, } : ; } Example Id: P3.tex,v /04/21 02:12:24 naito Exp

9 33 var a, b : integer ; c, d : real ; e : Boolean ; f : char ;,,.,,.,,,. 3.7,,. PASCAL,,,,.,,,,,.,,,.,,,,.,, PASCAL,., PASCAL,.,, var a,b : integer ; a := 1 ; b := 1 end ;., SPARCompiler,. var a,b : integer := 1 ;,.,, a, b,, PASCAL,. Id: P3.tex,v /04/21 02:12:24 naito Exp

10 34 ::= ::= ::= ::= ::= ::= ( {, } ) ::= ,.,,. Example type color = (white, red, blue, yellow, green, black) ; day = (mon, tue, wed, thr, fri, sat, sun) ; Example type workday = (mon, tue, wed, thr, fri, sat, sun) ; free = (sat, sun) ;, sat,., 0.,.,,. succ. pred. SPARCompiler, firstof, PASCAL,,..... true false ,,..,.. Id: P3.tex,v /04/21 02:12:24 naito Exp

11 35 Example var a : ; b : ;. Example type days = (mon,tue,wed,thr,fri,sat,sun) ; workd = mon..fri ; letter = a.. z ;, days., integer,,., real,, Boolean, type Boolean = (false, true) ;., false true,, false < true char,,..,,...., 7.,, 0.. 7,, ASCII. Id: P3.tex,v /04/21 02:12:24 naito Exp

12 36 0 9,. A Z,,. a z,,.,.. ord,. chr chr(i) i..,, pred, succ, pred(c) = chr(ord(c)-1) succ(c) = chr(ord(c)+1) , T 1 T 2. (a) T 1 T 2. (b) T 1 T 2, T 2 T 1, T 1 T 2. (c) T 1 T 2,,. (d) T 1 T ,, ,. SPAR- Compiler, ASCII,. SPARCompiler, minchar, maxchar, bell, tab. minchar 0, maxchar 255, bell 7, tab 9. Id: P3.tex,v /04/21 02:12:24 naito Exp

13 ,.,,,, 2 n. SPARCompiler,., -xl., SPARCompiler, integer16, integer32,., maxint, minint maxint PASCAL., integer,., PASCAL, C,, , Section ,.,,, 2 n. SPARCompiler, real., -xl., SPARCompiler, single, shortreal, double, longreal,,,.,.,. (0 ).< > 10^< >, 0,., , Section 1.4.,,., , ,. Id: P3.tex,v /04/21 02:12:24 naito Exp

14 38,.,, ,,, PASCAL, x = x PASCAL,,,.,.,,,......,, , PASCAL., Jensen-Wirth., SPARCompiler., SPARCompiler PASCAL,,,,,,,.,,. Id: P3.tex,v /04/21 02:12:24 naito Exp

15 :=.,,.,,.. ::= := := , T 2, T 1. (a) T 1 T 2,. (b) T 1 T 2. (c) T 1 T 2, T 2 T 1. (d) T 1 T 2, T 2, T 1. (e) T 1 T 2. T 2 T 1, T 1 T 2., not,,. ::= not ::= * / div mod and. *,, /, div mod and, / div /, x/y, y 0,, y 0, x/y, x y. x div y, y 0,,. Id: P3.tex,v /04/21 02:12:24 naito Exp

16 40 abs(i) - abs(j) < abs((i div j) * j) abs(i), abs,,., abs(i) < abs(j) i div j 0. i mod j, j., i mod j. i mod j = j - (k*j), k. 0 i mod j < j, i 0, j > 0, (i div j) * i + i mod j =i ::= + - or. +,, -, or, +, -,, -, ,,. ::= = <> < > <= >= in. in T T =, <>,,, T <, >, <=, >=,, T <>, <=, >=,,,., <=, >=,. Id: P3.tex,v /04/21 02:12:24 naito Exp

17 41, p, q, p=q., p<=q, p q., false < true. <>.,, ,,,,.,,,,,,.,,,., PASCAL.,. maxint,. [-maxint, maxint],.,,., trunc(x) x.. trunc(x), x, 0 x - trunc(x) < 1,, 1 < x + trunc(x) 0.,., trunc(3.5) =3,trunc(-3.5) = 3. round(x) x.. round(x), x, round(x) trunc(x+0.5)., round(x) trunc(x-0.5).,., round(3.5) =4., round(-3.5).,, , ,,.,,,,,,.,,.,.,. Id: P3.tex,v /04/21 02:12:24 naito Exp

18 42 ::= nil ::= ( ) not ::= [ ] ::= {, } ::=.. ::= ::= ::=,,. [], [x..y], x y. Example 3.9.1, x 15 (x+y+z) not p [red,black,green] [1..10]., x*y p or q (x<=y) and (y<z). x+y -x i*j-1. x = 1.5 p<=q (i<j)=(j<k) c in h., not,., (),.,. Example a := 1 ; b := 2 ; c := 3 ; d := 4 ;, (a > b) and (c < d), a > b, false., and, false. Id: P3.tex,v /04/21 02:12:24 naito Exp

19 43 PASCAL,.,,,.,. C,,,.. PASCAL., C., C, a > b && c < d, PASCAL, and >, <, SPARCompiler, 8. ~ bitwise not & bitwise and bitwise or! bitwise or, bitwise not, bitwise and, bitwise or SPARCompiler, 9. asl asr lsl lsr ,.,,. 1, 1.,, 1, 2, 1, 2.,,,,.,. Example 3.9.3, , SPARCompiler. Id: P3.tex,v /04/21 02:12:24 naito Exp

20 , 1. Example 3.9.4, ,,. Example 3.9.5, Example 3.9.6, ,., writeln. Example ,. program print_example (output) ; var a : char ; b,c : integer ; x : real ; a := a ; b := 1 ; c := 2 ; x := 1.0 ; writeln( a =,a) ; writeln( b =,b, c =,c) ; writeln( b div c =,b div c) ; writeln( b / c =,b/c) ; writeln( x =,x) writeln, SPARCompiler writeln.. Id: P3.tex,v /04/21 02:12:24 naito Exp

21 45 Exercise Exercise integer 1. Exercise Exercise , writeln.,,,. Exercise AND, OR, NOT XOR ::= { : } ,,,,. ::= goto ::=., goto goto. goto ::= goto, goto PASCAL,, ,. ::= with ::= { ; },,., goto. Id: P4.tex,v /04/21 02:13:09 naito Exp

22 ,. ::= end Example z := x ; x := y end ::= if case if if,. if ::= if then { else } else ::= else, if true, if. false, if, else. else if else., if e1 then if e2 then s1 else s2 if e1 then if e2 then s2 else s2 end. Example if. if x <> 1.5 then z := x + y else z := 1.5 ; if x <> 1.5 then z:= x + y if x <> 1.5 then if y <> 2.0 then z:= x + y else z := y else z := x Id: P4.tex,v /04/21 02:13:09 naito Exp

23 case case,,. case ::= case of { ; } end ::= : ::= ::= {, } ::= Example case. case x of 1: y := x ; 2: z := x ; 3,4: w := x end, case, ,,. ::= repeat while for repeat repeat ::= repeat until repeat, true.,. Example , program sum ; var i,j : integer ; i := 0 ; j := 1 ; repeat i := i + j ; j := j+1 ; until j = 11 ; Id: P4.tex,v /04/21 02:13:09 naito Exp

24 while while ::= while do while while b do body if b then repeat body until not(b) end.,, true,, false.,. Example , program sum ; var i,j : integer ; i := 0 ; j := 1 ; while j <= 10 do i := i + j ; j := j+1 ; end for for,. for ::= for := { to downto } do ::= ::= ::= ::= for,. for..,. for,., for,., goto. for S V,. S, V. S for, V S. Id: P4.tex,v /04/21 02:13:09 naito Exp

25 49 S. S read readln., for v := e1 to e2 do body, v e1, e2, succ body.,,. t1 := e1 ; t2 := e2 ; if t1 <= t2 then v := t1 ; repeat body ; v := succ(v) ; until v > t2 end ;, for v := e1 downto e2 do body, v e1, e2, pred body. Example , program sum ; var i,j : integer ; i := 0 ; for j:=1 to 10 do i := i + j ; Example , program sum ; var i,j : integer ; i := 0 ; for j:=10 downto 1 do i := i + j ;, for, 1, while, repeat with with,. Id: P4.tex,v /04/21 02:13:09 naito Exp

26 , , readln. readln(v),. Example ,. var n : integer ; readln(n) ; writeln(n) random SPARCompiler real.,. Example var n : integer ; r, s : real ; n := seed(wallclock) ; r := random(n) ; s := random(n) ; (SPARCompiler seed,,., random n,., 0 1. Exercise repeat, while, for, 2 N. Exercise , C =(5/9)( F 32).,.,,,,. Exercise integer,. Exercise , 0.5. Exercise , 1+ɛ =1. ɛ. Id: P4.tex,v /04/21 02:13:09 naito Exp

27 51 Exercise for for v := e1 downto e2 do body repeat. 3.12,,,,. ::= ::= ::= { packed } ::= packed,.,, (array),.. ::= array [ {, } ] of ::= ::= Example , integer 0 9 digit. var digit : array [0..9] of integer ;, digit[0] digit[1] digit[2] digit[3] digit[4] digit[5] digit[6] digit[7] digit[8] digit[9],. array [Boolean] of color, color,.,..,.,,.,. 10 SPARCompiler, packed. Id: P5.tex,v /04/21 02:14:33 naito Exp

28 52 Example array [Boolean] of array [1..10] of array [size] of real array [Boolean] of array [1..10,size] of real array [Boolean,1..10] of array [size] of real array [Boolean,1..10,size] of real Example packed array [1..10,1..8] of Boolean ; packed array [1..10] of packed array [1..8] of Boolean ; Example var str : array [0..1][0..9] of integer ; str[i], 10. str[0] [0] str[0] [1] str[0] [2] str[0] [3] str[0] [4] str[0] [5] str[0] [6] str[0] [7] str[1] [0] str[1] [1] str[1] [2] str[1] [3] str[1] [4] str[1] [5] str[1] [6] str[1] [7] str[0] [8] str[0] [9] str[1] [8] str[1] [9]. m, n, k = ord(n) ord(m)+1,, k., v =(v 1,,v k ), v v, v[i] v ord(i) ord(m)+1.,. ::= ::= [ {, } ] ::= ::=,,.,, , real,. program sum_of_vector ; var a,b,c : array[1..3] of real ; i : integer ; a[1] := 1.0 ; a[2] := 1.0 ; a[3] := 2.0 ; b[1] := 2.0 ; b[2] := 0.0 ; b[3] := 3.0 ; for i:=1 to 3 do c[i] := a[i] + b[i] ; Id: P5.tex,v /04/21 02:14:33 naito Exp

29 ,. 1, 1..,,, ,,. program output_of_string (output) ; var s : packed array [1..30] of char ; i : integer ; for i := 1 to 30 do s[i] := chr(ord( A ) + (i-1)) ; writeln(s) ;, 30, SPARCompiler., SPARCompiler,. alfa string varying 10 80, varying[u], u. u , writeln,. var name1 : packed array [1..25] of char ; name2 : packed array [ ] of char ; name3 : alfa ; name4: string ; name5 : varying [25] of char ; name6 : varying [25] of char ; name1 := a ; name2 := a ; name3 := a ; name4:= a ; name5 := a ; name6 := a ; writeln(name1, and, name2) ; writeln(name3, and, name4) ; writeln(name4, and, name6) Id: P5.tex,v /04/21 02:14:33 naito Exp

30 SPRACompiler,,. var int : array [1..10] of integer = [maxint,1,-375,5,20] ; ch : packed array [1..10] of char = ABCDEF ; int2 : array [1..*] of integer = [maxint,1,-375,5,20] ; ch2 : packed array [1..*] of char = ABCDEF ;, *,,. var int : array [1..100] of integer = [50 of 1,50 of 2] ;, 50 1, var int : array [1..100] of integer = [* of 1] ; int2 : array [1..10, 1..10] of integer = [[* of 1], [3 of 8], [10 of 88],] ;, 1, 8, 88., SPARCompiler,,,., ,.,. ::= set of ::=,. set of char ; set of (club, diamond, heart, spade) ; S, T., S, T,, T S. T, A : set of 1..5 ; B : set of 2..9 ;, A and B. Id: P5.tex,v /04/21 02:14:33 naito Exp

31 program set_operation ; type days = (mon,tue,wed,thr,fri,sat,sun) ; week = set of days ; var wk,work,free : week ; d : days ; work := [] ; free := [] ; wk := [mon..sun] ; d := sat ; free := [d] + free + [sun], days, week., week wk, work, free,, free sat sun ,., T : set of T0., T0 N(T0), T, N(T0).,, SPARCompiler,,,, (field). ::= record end ::= { { ; } }{ ; } ::= { ; } ::= : ::= case of { ; } ::= { : } ::= ::= : ( ) ::= ::= {, } ::=,,.. Id: P5.tex,v /04/21 02:14:33 naito Exp

32 56 Example ,. record year : ; month : ; day : end,, year, month, day, integer. m, m., V i i. (V 1,,V m ),.,. Example type month_type = ; days_type = record year : ; case days : month_type of 1,3,5,7,8,10,12 : (days_1 : 1..31) ; 4,6,9,11 : (days_2 : 1..30) ; 2 : (days_3 : 1..28) end, k X k (k, X k ). Example record x, y : real ; area : real ; case shape of rectangle : (side1, side2 : real ; skew : angle) ; circle : (diamiter : real) end,., x, x.side1, rectangle. rectangle, diamiter.,.. ::=. ::= ::= ::=,,.,,. Id: P5.tex,v /04/21 02:14:33 naito Exp

33 57 a : record a : real ; b : real ; end ; b : integer ; Example ,,. program record_test ; type b_year = 1..4; m_year = (m1,m2) ; d_year = (d1,d2,d3) ; b_or_m_or_d = (bachler,master,doctor) ; person = record name : record first, family : string ; end ; id : string ; case kind : b_or_m_or_d of bachler : (gakunen_b : b_year) ; master : (gakunen_m : m_year ; boss_m : string) ; doctor : (gakunen_d : d_year ; boss_d : string) end ; var p : array [1..100] of person ; p[1].name.first := Masashi ; p[1].name.family := Kubo ; p[1].id := ; p[1].kind := doctor ; p[1].gakunen_d := d3 ; p[1].boss_d := Prof. Ihara,,. record case digit : integer of 1 : (S1 : array[1..1] of char) ; 10 : (S2 : array[1..2] of char) ; 100 : (S3 : array[1..3] of char) end, ,,., with with. Id: P5.tex,v /04/21 02:14:33 naito Exp

34 58 with ::= with {, } do,,,. Example Example with p[1],name do first := Masashi ; family := Kubo ; id := ; kind := doctor ; gakunen_d := d3 ; boss_d := Prof. Ihara end with, ,,,,. ::= file of,... Example file of real file of vector, text type text = file of char ; , nil,.,. nil. ::= ::= ^ ::= Id: P5.tex,v /04/21 02:14:33 naito Exp

35 ,. ::= ^ ::= ,..,. ::= ^ ::= ,,,. program a_test (output) ; type ax = array [1..10] of integer ; bx = record a : integer ; b : real ; end ; var a0,a1 : ax ; b0,b1 : bx ; i : integer ; for i:=1 to 10 do a0[i] := i ; end; b0.a := 100 ; b0.b := ; a1 := a0 ; b1 := b Exercise integer,., n, n = t k 3 k, t k = 1, 0, 1,, 1 n, 0 z, 1 p., 5=9 3 1, pnn. Exercise Id: P5.tex,v /04/21 02:14:33 naito Exp

36 60 Exercise A = {1, 2, 3}, B = {2, 3, 4} A B, A B, A B, B A, (A B) (B A). Exercise ,,,. 3.13,,, ,,.,,. ::= ; ; ; ::= procedure ( { { ; }} ) ::= procedure ::= ::= ::= { } ::= var ::= {, } : ::= ::=,.,., forward. forward,, ,,,,,.,.,.,,..,.,., SPARCompiler static,,., Id: P6.tex,v /04/20 12:28:08 naito Exp

37 61,., ,.,. ::= ::= ( {, } ) ::=, read, readln, write, writeln,.,, var,,, ,.,. (call by value) ,.,.,. (call by address) ,., ,., ,,, ,,.,,.,,. Id: P6.tex,v /04/20 12:28:08 naito Exp

38 62 ::= ; ; ; ::= function ( { { ; }} ) ::= function ::= : ::= ::=,,.,.,. ::= Example ,, integer. program print_max (output) ; var x,y : integer ; procedure print_max(x,y : integer) ; var z : integer ; if (x < y) then writeln(y) else writeln(x) ; end ; x := 1 ; y := 2 ; print_max(x,y) Example , integer. Id: P6.tex,v /04/20 12:28:08 naito Exp

39 63 program print_sum (output) ; var x,y : integer ; function return_max(x,y : integer) : integer ; return_max := x + y ; end ; x := 1 ; y := 2 ; writeln(return_max(x,y)) Example ,,,, 11. program vector (output) ; type vector = array [1..2] of real ; var x,y : vector ; r : real ; function get_norm_and_normal (a : vector ; var b : vector) : real ; b[1] := a[2] ; b[2] := (-1)*a[1] ; get_norm_and_normal := sqrt(a[1]*a[1] + a[2]*a[2]) ; end ; x[1] := 1.0 ; x[2] := 0.0 ; r := get_norm_and_normal(x,y) ; writeln( length of (,a[1],,,a[2], ) =,r) ; writeln( normal of (,a[1],,,a[2], ) = (,b[1],,,b[2], ) ) ;,,. Example ,, f(x)+g(y/2). 11. Id: P6.tex,v /04/20 12:28:08 naito Exp

40 64 program sum_of_function_values (output) ; var x,y : real ; function sin_ft(a : real) : real ; sin_ft := sin(a) ; end ; function cos_ft(a : real) : real ; cos_ft := cos(a) ; end ; procedure ch(var a : real) ; a := a/2.0 ; end; function sum_of_function_values ( a,b : real; procedure ch (var a : real) ; function f(a : real) : real ; function g(a : real) : real ) : real ; ch(b) ; sum_of_function_values := (f(a) + g(b)) ; end ; x := 0.0 ; y := 1.0 ; writeln(x,y,sum_of_function_values(x,y,ch,sin_ft,cos_ft)) ; Example ,, forward. Id: P6.tex,v /04/20 12:28:08 naito Exp

41 65 program sum_of_function_values (output) ; var x,y : real ; procedure ch(var a : real) ; forward ; function sin_ft(a : real) : real ; sin_ft := sin(a) ; end ; function cos_ft(a : real) : real ; cos_ft := cos(a) ; end ; function sum_of_function_values ( a,b : real; function f(a : real) : real ; function g(a : real) : real ) : real ; ch(b) ; sum_of_function_values := (f(a) + g(b)) ; end ; procedure ch ; a := a/2.0 ; end; x := 0.0 ; y := 1.0 ; writeln(x,y,sum_of_function_values(x,y,sin_ft,cos_ft)) ; 3.14 section,,. (recursive function call).,.,,.,,,.,. Example , a n+1 = a n +2,a 1 =1 a n. function recursive_function(n : integer) : integer ; if (n = 1) then recursive_function := 1 else recursive_function := recursive_function(n-1) + 2 ; end ; Id: P6.tex,v /04/20 12:28:08 naito Exp

42 Exercise ,,,. Exercise Fibonacci. Exercise n n n. 3.15,, read, write.,. f f^.,,., f^ f, eof (f) true, false.. reset(f,filename),., f f^. f eof(f) false. f f^, eof(f) true. rewrite(f,filename) f, reset(f)., eof(f) true. get(f).,.,, eof(f) true. put(f)., eof(f) true. eof(f) true,., get(f), put(f) read, write.,. read(f,x): x := f^ ; get(f) write(f,x): f^ := x ; put(f) Example , integer,. Id: P7.tex,v /04/21 02:15:10 naito Exp

43 67 var f : file of integer ; i, n : integer ; rewrite(f, integer_file ) ; for i:=1 to 10 do write(f,i) ; close(f) ; reset(f, integer_file ) ; while (not(eof(f))) do read(f,i) ; writeln(i) ; end ; close(f) OS. close(f), SPARCompiler,., open, reset, rewrite. PASCAL OS,, OS, , writeln, readln, eoln. eoln(f) f. true,. writeln(f,x) f, x,.,. readln(f,x) f, x,..,, writeln, readln., SPARCompiler errout read, readln read, readln, read(file,v1,v2,v3).,, v1, v2, v write, writeln write, writeln, write(file,v1,v2,v3)., v1, v2, v3.,,, Id: P7.tex,v /04/21 02:15:10 naito Exp

44 68 e:a:b., A, B, default. e,,,,,, , e:a, (A 1), e , e:a, e,., L. 1. A >L. (A L). e. 2. A L. e A , e:a, e true false., A.,, , e:a, e, A,. 1. A IntDigit +1. (A IntDigit 1), e, -, IntDigit abs(e) 2. A < IntDigit +1. e, -, IntDigit abs(e), IntDigit,. Id: P7.tex,v /04/21 02:15:10 naito Exp

45 , e:a, e, A,.. e <0, ewritten > 0 -,, ewritten,., ewritten DecPlaces, e E, ExpValue, ExpValue < 0 -, +, ExpValue ExpDigit. 0., ExpDigit. ewritten, DecPlace, ExpValue,. X, TenPower(X) 10 X ( ). X, RealSize(X), Z: TenPower(Z-1) abs(x) < TenPower(z). X, Y, Truncate(X,Y) X Y.., ActWidth if A >= ExpDigit + 6 then ActWidth := A else ActWidth := ExpDigit + 6 ;., ewritten, DecPlace, ExpValue, DecPlace := ActWidth - ExpDigit - 5 ; if e = 0.0 then ewritten := 0.0 ; Expvalue = 0 end else ewritten := abs(e) ; ExpValue := RealSize(eWritten) - 1 ; ewritten := ewritten / TenPower(ExpValue) ; ewritten := ewritten * TenPower(-DecPlace) ; if ewritten >= 10.0 then ewritten := ewritten / 10.0 ; ExpValue := ExpValue + 1 ; end ; ewritten := Truncate(eWritten,DecPlace) ; Example , writeln(x:9), 1.03e+10. ExpDigit = 2, ActWidth = 9, DecPlace = 2, ewritten = , ExpValue = 1. 9,,, e, = 3., = 4. Id: P7.tex,v /04/21 02:15:10 naito Exp

46 e:a:b, e, A,. A MinNumChar (A MinNumChar),. e <0, ewritten > 0 -, ewritten IntDigit,., ewritten B., ExpDigit. ewritten,. TenPower, RealSize, Truncate., ewritten, if e = 0.0 then ewritten := 0.0 end else ewritten := abs(e) ; ewritten := ewritten * TenPower(-B) ; ewritten := Truncate(eWritten,B) ;, IntDigit, if RealSize(eWritten) < 1 then IntDigit = 1 else IntDigit = RealSize(eWritten) ; MinNumChar, MinNumChar := IntDigit + B + 1 ; if (e < 0.0) and (ewritten > 0) then MinNumChar := MinNumChar + 1 ; Example , writeln(x:3:1), x:3:1 3,, 1. ExpDigit = 2, ewritten = 10.3, IntDigit = 2, MinNumChr = 4., 3+1=4., writeln(10.25:3:1) 10.2, writeln( :3:1) Remark SPARCompiler, writeln. SPARCompiler Exercise Exercise ,,. Exercise ,,,.,,., ASCII. Id: P8.tex,v /04/21 02:17:03 naito Exp

47 , (list), (tree).,,,.,, ,.,.,., ,.,., ,.,.,,. Example ,. Id: P8.tex,v /04/21 02:17:03 naito Exp

48 72 type link = ^data ; data = record str : integer ; next : link ; end ;,. Example Example ,.,, new.,,,. program list (output) ; type link = ^data ; data = record str : integer ; next : link ; end ; var first, p, q : link ; i : integer ; new(first) ; first^.next := nil ; for i:= 1 to 10 do new(p) ; p^.next := first ; p^.str := i ; first := p ; end ; q := p ; while(q^.next <> nil) do writeln(q^.str) ; q := q^.next ; end;,, next,. Example ,. Id: P8.tex,v /04/21 02:17:03 naito Exp

49 73 program list (output) ; type link = ^data ; data = record str : integer ; next : link ; end ; var first, p, q, r : link ; i : integer ; new(first) ; first^.next := nil ; for i:= 1 to 10 do new(p) ; p^.next := first ; p^.str := i ; first := p ; end ; q := p ; while(q^.next <> nil) do writeln(q^.str) ; q := q^.next ; end; writeln ; new(r) ; r^.str := 11 ; q := p ; q := p^.next ; r^.next := q^.next^.next ; q^.next := r ; q := p ; while(q^.next <> nil) do writeln(q^.str) ; q := q^.next ; end;,. p p^.next p r^.next r,, dispose. Example ,. Id: P8.tex,v /04/21 02:17:03 naito Exp

50 74 type link = ^data ; data = record str : integer ; lnext : link ; rnext : link ; end; Exercise ,, ID,,, (format). : xxxxx ID : xxxxx : xxxxx, 100. Exercise Exercise ,. 3.17, PASCAL page(f) f, abs(x) x. x. x. sqr(x) x. x. x. sqrt(x) x. x.. sin(x) sin(x). x.. cos(x) cos(x). x.. arctan(x) arctan(x). x.. exp(x) exp(x). x.. ln(x) log e (x). x odd(x) x. x.. Id: P-etc.tex,v /04/21 02:17:25 naito Exp

51 SPARCompiler, JIS,.,. Pascal,, C "., JIS 0x4027,, C, 0x22., EUC. UNIX EUC, nkf. nkf,.,. % nkf -e filename > eucfile, -e EUC ,. SPARCompiler PASCAL,, dbx. Example program test (input,output) ; var i : integer ; read(i) ;, integer,,. standard input : Bad data found on integer read ***./a.out terminated by signal 5: trace/breakpoint trap *** Traceback being written to a.out.trace, a.out,,,.,, quit., dbx.trace. Id: P-etc.tex,v /04/21 02:17:25 naito Exp

note.dvi

note.dvi II 111 5 PASCAL 5.1 Pascal, Pascal, Pascal,.,,.. 5.2 Pascal Pascal N. Wirth,..,,.,,,., Sun Microsystems SPRACompiler, ISO Pascal,., Jensen Wirth [1] ISO [2]. 5.3 Pascal Pascal,.,.,.. test.p,.p..,,. 5.4