Login Basic Linux for Prolog PC W.Dog Linux Enter ccycs09 ccycs09 Enter Enter Linux 2

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1 Contents Basic Linux for Prolog(Linux ) Login 2 Logout 3 Kterm 4 Prolog Technical Terms Prolog Fact 7 Database 8 Question 9 Match 10 Syntax 11 Clause 12 Character 13 Constant 14 Variable 15 Argument 17 Predicate 18 List 19 Backtracking 21 Recursive 23 Conjunction 24 Built-in predicate 25 Introduction to Prolog Prolog 1997 UNIX Linux Basic Linux for Prolog Linux Prolog Technical Terms Prolog UNIX LINUX 1

2 Login Basic Linux for Prolog PC W.Dog Linux Enter ccycs09 ccycs09 Enter Enter Linux 2

3 Logout Enter 3

4 kterm ( ) Kterm x003ac@ccycs09 $ ], $ (command) YAPProlog yap kterm Prolog Prolog gedit 4

5 Linux DIRECTORIES ls ls x X pwd cd cd x x ls mkdir x x FILES cat x x page x x more x x mv x y cp x y rm x x head x x 10 head -n x x n tail x 10 tail -n x n grep x y y x COMMUNICATION lp -d PRINTER x x PRINTER mail mail x x(login@address) talk x x(login@address) PROGRAMS gedit yap Edinburgh Prolog sicstus SICS Prolog sicstus -l x x SICS Prolog 5

6 COMMANDS INPUT / OUTPUT X Y X y X Y y X X Y x y FOR CONVENIENCE / FILE NAMES? PREVIOUS COMMANDS!!!x x COMMAND LINE EDITING ctrl + b, ctrl + f, ctrl + p, 1 ctrl + n, 1 ctrl + d tab BS 1 ctrl + d x003ac@ccycs09 $ pwd export/st8/x003ac/ x003ac@ccycs09 $ cd d ctlr+d database/ x003ac@ccycs09 $ cd database/ tab x003ac@ccycs09 $ pwd export/st8/x003ac/database x003ac@ccycs09 $ 6

7 Fact: Prolog Technical Terms Prolog 1)Sazae likes Masuo. 2)Masao likes Sazae. 1),2) Prolog [like ] 1. likes(sazae,masuo). 2. likes(masuo,sazae)

8 Database Prolog [sazae] father(tarao,masuo). father(sazae,namihei). father(katsuo,namihei). father(wakame,namihei). mother(tarao,sazae). mother(sazae,fune). mother(katsuo,fune). mother(wakame,fune). Database 8

9 Question: like Prolog $ yap Restoring fail /user/local/bin/yap YAP version Yap4.2.0 yes?- like. consulting like... like consulted 112 bytes in 0.0 seconds?- like(sazae,x). X= masuo? Prolog Prolog filename. consult(filename). consult file2,file2,file3. file1, file2, file3. 9

10 Match Prolog sazae $ yap Restoring fail /user/local/bin/yap YAP version Yap4.2.0 yes?- sazae. consulting sazae... sazae consulted 368 bytes in 0.0 seconds?- father(tarao,masuo). yes?- father(tarao,x). X= masuo? ;?- father(x,masuo). X=tarao? ;?- father(masuo,x).?- [sazae] father(tarao,masuo). 4 Prolog No match in the date base. 10

11 Syntax sazae father(tarao,masuo). tarao masuo father Prolog ( a b). { term = predicate +(+argument +) (unit)clause., predicate () arguments. clause 11

12 Clause sister(x,y) :- father(x,f),father(y,f). head( ) body( ) head( ) body( ) head( ) body( ) :- clause( ) :- if ex) Go if it is fine. go :- fine(x). (rule) 1 (scope) ex) flower(x):-tulip(x). pretty(x):-tulip(x).?-mother(tarao,mum),mother(mum,granny). 12

13 Character Prolog (Upper case letters) ABCDEFGHIJKLM NOPQRSTUVWXYZ (Lower case letters) abcdefghijklm pqrstuvwxyz (Figure) (Symbol) / \ ˆ = ;.? $&#! 13

14 Constant (atom) { sazae tarao wakame katsuo father mother ;? : (number : Anything that begins with a figure) x003ac@ccycs09 $ yap Restoring fail /user/local/bin/yap YAP version Yap4.2.0 yes?- X=3x. syntax error X=3x ====HERE====.?- X = 3x. syntax error X=3x ====HERE====.?- Y = 3. Y=3;?- Z = 3.1.?- A = 0.1. A = 0.1 ;?- B =.1. syntax erorr B=. ====HERE==== 1.?- C = syntax erorr C = 1.2. ====HERE==== 3.?- Z = 3.1 ; 14

15 Variable Prolog arguments match $ yap Restoring fail /user/local/bin/yap YAP version Yap4.2.0 yes?- X = human(sazae). X = human(sazae) ;?- A = a. A=a;?- B = 120. B = 120 ;?- C = 0.5. C = 0.5 ;?- D = past(in(meet(john,mary),tokyo)). D = past(in(meet(john,mary),tokyo)) ;?- 15

16 clause( ) argument anymous variable( ) anymous ( ) anymous variable chat80( ) country(c) :- country(c,,,,,,,,, ). in0(x,y) :- country(x,y,,,,,,,, ). latitude(c,l degrees) :- country(c,,l,,,,,,, ). longitude(c,l degrees) :- country(c,,l,,,,,,, ). area(c,a ksqmiles) :- country(c,,,,a,,,,, ). population(c,p million) :- country(c,,,,,,p,,, ). capital(c,cap) :- country(c,,,,,,,,cap, ). country(afghanistan,indian subcontinent,33,-65,254,861,18,290,kabul,afghani). country(albania,southern europe,41,-20,11,100,2,350,tirana,lek). country(algeria,rth afrika,35,-11,919,951,15,770,algiers,dinar). country(angola,southern afrika,-12,-18,481,351,5,810,luanda,?). country(argentina,south america,-35,66,1072,67,23,920,bues aires,peso). 16

17 Argument argument 1 2 Prolog argument family kazoku predicate family(iso,namihei,hune,katsuo,wakame). kazoku(iso,namihei,hune,katsuo,wakame). 1 argument family(fuguta,masuo,sazae,tarao). kazoku(fuguta,masuo,sazae,tarao). argument 4 family/kazoku predicate fact( ) agument 2 list( ) structure( ) Prolog predicate argument 17

18 Predicate Prolog predicate( ) sonkei(sazae,namihei). sonkei 6 s(sazae,namihei). s predicate 18

19 List male(x):-boy(x). boy(katsuo). Prolog male(x). X=katsuo. X 1 Prolog (list) boy(katsuo). boy([katsuo,nakajima]). male(x). X=[katsuo,nakajima] Prolog list (list) Prolog (list) [ ] (component) head tail head tail ex) list head tail a. a a,b. a b a,b,c. a b,c [H T]. ex) (head 1 atom tail head list ) 19

20 ex) tail [] empty list empty list (see = member) x003ac@ccycs09 $ yap Restoring fail /user/local/bin/yap YAP version Yap4.2.0 yes?- X Y = a. X=a Y= ;?- X Y = a,b. X=a Y= b ;?- X Y = a,b,c. X=a Y= b,c ;?- a,b,c X = a,b,c,d,e,f,g. X= d,e,f,g ;?- Prolog?- [a,b,c X] = [a,b,c,d,e,f,g]. X = [d,e,f,g]; a,b,c (match) (List) 20

21 Backtracking Prolog match Backtracking Prolog match match ( ) (fail) (fail) Prolog ( ) Prolog Backtracking( ) [sazae] [sazae] father(tarao,masuo). father(sazae,namihei). father(katsuo,namihei). father(wakame,namihei). mother(tarao,sazae). mother(sazae,fune). mother(katsuo,fune). mother(wakame,fune). x003ac@ccycs09 $ yap Restoring fail /user/local/bin/yap YAP version Yap4.2.0 yes?- [sazae]. consulting sazae... sazae consulted 2240 bytes in 0.0 seconds yes?- father(mariko,x).?- sazae?-father(mariko,x). Backtracking father(mariko,x). Prolog father(tarao,masuo). mariko tarao (fail) father(sazae,namihei). mariko tarao (fail) 21

22 father(katsuo,namihei). father(wakame,namihei). (fail) Backtracking Backtracking sazae yes?-father(x,y). 4 X=tarao Y=masuo Backtracking ; ( ) match x003ac@ccycs09 $ yap Restoring fail /user/local/bin/yap YAP version Yap4.2.0 yes?- [sazae]. consulting sazae... sazae consulted 308 bytes in 0.0 seconds yes?- father(x,y). X = tarao Y = masuo ; X = sazae Y = namihei ; X = katsuo Y = namihei ; X = wakame Y = namihei ;?- 22

23 Recursion / in (recursive) / in(x,y):-location(x,y). in(x,y):-location(x,z),in(z,y). location(yuda,yamaguchi). location(yamaguchi,japan). yes?- in. consulting in... in consulted 272 bytes in 0.0 seconds yes?- in(x,y). X = yuda Y = yamaguchi ; X = yamaguchi Y = japan ; X = yuda Y = japan ;?- ˆ D recursive recursive( ) head( ) body( ) predicate( ) term( ) recursive left-recursive leftrecursive :- head predicate term( ) Prolog left-recursive recursive / in (left-recursive) / in(x,y):-in(x,z),(z,y). in(yuda,yamaguchi). in(yamaguchi,japan). 23

24 Conjunction sister DateBase sister Conjunction( ), ( ) term( ) A B [sazae] father(tarao,masuo). father(sazae,namihei). father(katsuo,namihei). father(wakame,namihei). mother(tarao,sazae). mother(sazae,fune). mother(katsuo,fune). mother(wakame,fune). sister(x,y):- father(x,f), father(y,f)., A and B A B 24

25 Built-in predicate is?- A=3,B=2,C is A+B. A=3 B=2 C=5; is variable( ) is predifcate( )?- Y=2,Z=8,is(X,Y Z). Y=2 Z=8 X = 16 ;?- is(x,y Z),Y=2,Z=8! Error in arithmetic expression: t a number Y,Z 25

26 Built-in predicate sazae father(tarao,masuo). father(sazae,namihei). father(katsuo,namihei). father(wakame,namihei). mother(tarao,sazae). mother(sazae,fune). mother(katsuo,fune). mother(wakame,fune). namihei yes?:- findall(x,father(x,namihei),z). X= 0 Z = [katsuo,sazae,wakame] ; findall findall term( :father(x,namihei)) term ( X) match ( Z) test test(a). test(b). test(c). test(d). father(sazae,namihei). father(katsuo,namihei). father(tarao,masuo). 26

27 findall?- findall(x,test(x),all). All = [a,c,b,a]? ;?- findall(x,test(x),all).?-?- findall(x,test(x),all). All = [sazae,katsuo,tarao]? ;?- findall(x,test(x),all). All = [namihei,namihei,masuo]? ;?- 27

28 abolish(f,n) abort arg N,T,A T N A assert(c) C atom(t) T atomic(t) T bagof(x,p,b) P B clause(p,q) P= Q= close(f) F consult(f) F display(t) T fail NO integer(t) T ( ) XisY Y= X= listing listing(p) P name(a,l) A L (A L ) nl nvar(t) T number(t) T read(t) T reconsult(f) F repeat yes retract(c) C save(f) F see(f) F seeing(f) F seen see setof(x,p,b) P X B tell(f) F ( F ) telling(f) F told tell true 1 var(t) T write(t) T writeq(t) T Prolog 28

29 ( )! \+P P X Y X Y X= Y X Y X Y X Y X = Y X Y X=Y X Y T=..L T L X==Y X Y X\==Y X Y [F R] consult(f) + - / // assert(c,r) expand term(t,x) recorded(k,t,r) asserta(c) exists(f) recordz(k,t,r) asserta(c,r) fileerrors rename(f,g) assertz(c) functor(t,f,n) sh assertz(c,r) get(c) skip(c) break get0(c) sort(l,s) call(p) instance(r,t) spy P clause(p,q,r) keysort(=l,s) statistics compare(c,x,y) leash(m) system(s) current atom(a) debug tab(n) current functor(a,t) fileerrors trace current predicate(a,p) spy P LC db reference(t) op(p,t,a) NOLC debug primitive(t) X@ Y debugging print(t) X@= Y erase(r) prompt(a,b) X@ Y erased(r) put(c) X@ =Y expanded exprs(o,n) recorda(k,t,r) 29

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