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1 A Collaborative Action Research of Japanese and English Language Departments for Meta-Grammatical Lessons Kiyomi AKITA, Yasuhiko FUJIE, Yoshifumi SAITO, Chihiro FUJIMORI, Yuki SANPEI, Linfeng WANG, Takayuki MASAKI, Hideyuki HAMADA, Yutaka OCHI, Yuko TAMIYA The present study examined the impact of newly designed lessons for both Japanese and English language classes. These lessons were designed in order to offer opportunities for students to notice the similarities and differences in grammatical structures of different languages in order to develop their meta-grammatical awareness. Two kinds of lessons were newly designed for English language classes and Chinese classic literature classes taught in Japanese classes, and were used to teach 5th-year secondary school students in three classes. A pretest and a posttest were conducted to measure their grammatical knowledge of Japanese and English as well as meta-linguistic knowledge. Through the analysis of the processes of the classroom discourse during the newly designed lessons, students comments about the lessons, and the change between pre-and post-test scores, we examined the effects of students meta-grammatical abilities. The results showed that the students improved scores of all three types of knowledge and that the three types of knowledge correlated with one another. In addition, qualitative sampling analyses that focused on students with poor meta-grammatical knowledge implied that they acquired a means of noticing language rules meta-cognitively in their own ways and improved their cognitive work through meta-grammatical lessons.

2 Hacker,et al., ;,, ;, ;, ;, Flavell,

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4 英語科 ( 授業者 : 越智豊教諭 ) B 組 ( 男子 名, 女子 名 ): 年 月 日第 校時 C 組 ( 男子 名, 女子 名 ): 年 月 日第 校時 A 組 ( 男子 名, 女子 名 ): 年 月 日第 校時 国語科 ( 授業者 : 田宮裕子教諭 ) A 組 ( 男子 名, 女子 名 ): 年 月 日第 校時 B 組 ( 男子 名, 女子 名 ): 年 月 日第 校時 C 組 ( 男子 名, 女子 名 ): 年 月 日第 校時 computers, the Internet, are, to, not, connected, these, of, all all, dictionaries, edited, carefully, are, not All of these computers are not connected to the Internet. / Not all these computers are not connected to the Internet.All dictionaries are not carefully edited. / Not all dictionaries are not carefully edited. All of these computers are not connected to the Internet Not all of these computers are connected to the Internet Table. Table.

5 hashad I met a beautiful girl who had black eyes. I met a beautiful girl with black eyes. I met a girl with beautiful black eyes. I met a black girl with beautiful eyes. girl Lesson whenwhere A vegetarian ramen with thin soup which is not eaten in space ()

6 Lesson ( I met a girl who had beautiful black eyes. I met a girl with beautiful black eyes. I met a black girl who had beautiful eyes. I met a beautiful girl with black eyes. A tomato-flavored instant ramen with thick soup. Lesson whenwhere A spicy-tomato-flavored instant ramen with chicken based thin soup which is eaten in the home. A miso-flavored instant ramen with thick soup which can be made by a microwave in the school.

7 Lesson I I met a girl with beautiful black eyes. I met a girl who had beautiful black eyes. I met a beautiful girl who had black eyes. I met a beautiful girl with black eyes. I met a black girl with beautiful eyes. I met a black girl who had beautiful eyes. Lesson Lesson to, with, in, which, where, when A hare meat-flavored instant ramen with thick soup which is eaten the moon. Miso-flavored instant ramen with thick soup and noodle

8 Internet / All of these computers are not connected to the Internet. All dictionaries are not carefully edited. not all Not Lesson Lesson Lesson

9 All of these computers are not connented to the Internet Not all these computers are connected to the Internet allnotnotall not all SVOall notnot all not notnot SVO be it Lesson

10 SVO ( atto atto SOV Imymemine All of these computers are not connected Not all of these computers are connected notall not not allnot Not not

11 I met agirlwho Imetabeautiful girlwhohadblackeyesimet agirlwithbeautifulblackeyes

12 Imetagirl black girlblack with with Imetablackgirlwith beautifuleyes I met a beautiful girl who had black eyes. I met a beautiful girl with black eyes. I met a girl with beautiful black eyes. I met a black girl with beautiful eyes. I met a girl who had beautiful black eyes. I met a girl with beautiful black eyes. I met a black girl who had beautiful eyes. I met a beautiful girl with black eyes. I met a girl with beautiful black eyes. I met a girl who had beautiful black eyes. I met a beautiful girl who had black eyes. I met a beautiful girl with black eyes. I met a black girl with beautiful eyes. I met a black girl who had beautiful eyes. black girl girl

13 I met a girlwith beautiful black eyes. I met a girlwho had beautiful black eyes. a girl I met a beautiful girl who had black eyes. I met a beautiful girl with black eyes. a beautiful girl I met a black girlwith beautiful eyes. I met a black girlwho had beautiful eyes. I met a black girl with beautiful eyes. I met a black girl with beautiful eyes. girl

14 Lesson Lesson pp.- to, with, in, which, where, when a tomato-flavored instant ramen with thick soup which is eaten in space a tomato a tomato-flavored tomato- その後,Dが スパイシー と言って -tomato の前に a spicy と書き足した Bと口頭や, 互いに手にしていたホワイトボードマーカーを用いたやり取りを交わしながら, 改行して instant ramen with と記入し, 更に改行し chi まで書いたところで,Aも自分のペンでホワイトボードを指しながら, やりとりに加わってきた Dが, 味の条件を指折り数え, 笑いながら え, チキンベースドスパイシートマトフレイバー? と発話し, Bはそれに対して大きく笑った Aが じゃー with と発話したのを受けてDが with chicken based と発話し, 続けてAが thin soup にしようよ, じゃー thin soup と発話した これらをとりまとめてDが, chicken based thin soup と記入した その後,X 班の英文は, 教師に促されて黒板にて学級全体に示された A spicy-tomato-flavored instant ramen with chicken based thin soup which is eaten in the home.

15

16 can swim will swim SPECIAL All of these Not all of these All of dictionaries are not... Not all dictionaries are... computer All of these computers are not connected... Notall of these computers are connected... not all all not Not SPECIAL all notnot all

17 not not 副詞 + 否定詞 全部否定否定詞 + 副詞 部分否定

18 beautiful beautifully Table. t t[]., p. t[]., p. t[]., p. Table.

19 Table. * Table. H() p. H() H H() H Table. H() p. p.) H() ()., p. H() ()., p. H() H() H() H die, dead, death, dying H() H Table. H() p. (SD) (SD) (SD). (.). (.). (.). (.). (.). (.). **. **. **. **. *. * * p., ** p.

20 H() p. H() H() Table. H() ()., p. H() p. % p. H() ()., p. H() H()H()()() Table. H() ()., p. H() % ()., p. H()* * * H() H H()* * * * * H() H() H()* * * * * H()* * * H() ()., p. H() % ()., p. H() H() H() H()H()H()H() H() H()H() H()

21 Table. H()* * * H()* * * H() H()* * * * * * * H()* * * * * H()* * * * * * * H()* * * H()* * * * * H()* * * H()* * *

22 ( ) Table.

23 ..

24 A B

25

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28 Pp.-. Flavell, J. H. (). Metacognitive Aspects of Problem Solving. In L. B. Resnick (Ed.), The Nature of Intelligence (pp.-). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum Hacker, D.J., Dunlosky, J. Graesser, A.C(Eds.)(). Handbook of Metacognition in Education. NY:Routledge?,, - -.,, -. Stenhouse, L. () Curriculum Research and Development in Action. Heinemann Educational Books,, -. ()

29

30 The boy is running over there. running over there Look at the boy running over there. running over there When he comes, we will start. When he comes I don't know when he will come. when he will come

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