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1 G H 特集民主化とジェンダージェンダーの視点から見たミャンマーの民主化プロセス土佐桂子 ( 東京外国語大学 ) 要旨 1988 NLD NLD 2000 NGO NGO NLD 1. はじめに NLD 23

2 ; NLD BBC VOA DVB NGO 2003 NLD

3 Neher Marlay Neher 1994, 949 Asian style democracy, Asian democracy , 運動勃発時期における民主主義とジェンダー (1) 政治的背景と民主化運動の動き表 1 ミャンマーの政治経済体制

4 BBC NLD NLD 1990 NLD 8 (2) アウンサンスーチーによる民主主義 dimokayesi doyei, a, , a,

5 , 22, Freedom from Fear Aung San Suu Kyi , ; 1991, Aung San Suu Kyi , ; 1991, (3) 民主化運動におけるジェンダー論 NLD

6 Mi Mi Khaing , , 軍事政権時代におけるジェンダー政策 (1) 政治的背景と対民主化政策 State Law and Order Restoration Council: SLORC 1997 State Peace and Development Council: SPDC / 1993 Union Solidarity and Development Association: USDA 2000 NLD

7 1990 thabeik hmauk (2) ジェンダー政策としての女性組織化と就業に見る女性の状況 NGO 1 Myanmar Maternal and Child Welfare Association Myanmar Women Entrepreneur s Association Myanmar National Committee for Women s Affairs Myanmar National Working Committee for Women s Affairs 10 6 NGO 1 NGO NGO MWAF 2006, UN CEDAW 1999, 9 NLD Myanmar Women s Affairs Federation : MWAF

8 CSO 2010, 37-39, 95 Houtman 1999, part Burma Women Union: BWU Kachin Women s Association Thailand: KWAT 1999 Women s League of Burma: WLB , , 29,

9 17.4 MWAF 2006, CSO CSO 年以降の新たな動き (1) 初めての政府関係者告訴コーイェイコータ VPDC 34 BBC NLD ILO Burma Lawyers Council Asian Human Rights Commission: AHRC HP, 2004/9/ HP HP, 2005/10/ BBC 31

10 BNI 2009/7/3 2011/10/24 2 (2) 僧侶によるデモとネットワークの形成 NLD NGO tayabwe 2000 DVD VCD

11 2012 NGO NGO Kyaw Yin Hlaing NGO MWAF 2006, 年以降の改革政権と政治における女性参加 NLD NLD NDF NLD

12 表 2 選挙全立候補者当選者数の女性比率 , MAL 7 表 3 議会における女性数と女性比率 CSO CSO 1999, おわりに NLD NGO

13 NGO NGO 3 NLD 注 1 Burma Myanmar NLD Burma 2 Taylor 2009 Steinberg ; 2012 Callahan ; b; Engaged Buddhism B : 7 MAL 2010/11/8, 11-16, 2012/4/1-4 Htet Htet Nu Htay 35

14 参考文献日本語文献 1996a 1996b / 外国語文献 Anek Laothamatas (ed.) Democratization in Southeast and East Asia. Singapore: Institute of Southeast Asian Studies. Aung San Suu Kyi (1991). Freedom from Fear and other writings (ed. Michael Aris) Revised Edition. England: Penguin Books Callahan, Mary P Making Enemies: War and State Building in Burma. Ithaca, Cornell University Press. CSO (Central Statistical Organization) Satistical Profile of Children and Women in Myanmar Yangon: Ministry of National Planning and Economic Development. CSO (Central Statistical Organization) Statistical Profile of Children and Women in Myanmar Nay Pyi Taw: Ministry of National Planning and Economic Development. Houtman, Gustaaf Mental Culture in Burmese Crisis Politics: Aung san Suu Kyi and the National League for Democracy. Tokyo: ISLCAA. 36

15 IPD (Immigration and Population Development) Population Changes and Fertility Survey 1994, Yangon Ministry of Immigration and Population. Kyaw Yin Hlaing Associational Life in Myanmar: Past and Present. N.Ganesan and Kyaw Yin Hlaing (eds.) Myanmar: State, Society and Ethnicity. Singapore, Institute of Southeast Asian Studies. Mi Mi Khaing Burmese Family. Bloomington: Indiana University Press. MWAF (Myanmar Women s Affairs Federation) Gender Statistics in Myanmar. In collaboration with Myanmar National Committee for Women s Affairs Neher. Clark. D Asian Style Democracy. Asian Survey Neher.C.D. and Marlay, R.1995 Democracy and Development in Southeast Asia. U.S: Westview. Steinberg, David I Burma: The State of Myanmar. Washington: Georgetown University Press. Taylor, Robert. H The State in Myanmar. Singapore: National University of Singapore. UN CEDAW(Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women) Consideration of reports submitted by States parties under article 18 of the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women, Initial report of States parties, Myanmar. インターネット HP 2004/9/ /4/ /10/ /4/29 BNI (Burma News International) 2009/7/ /4/29 Myetsei Hpwin pyi Kyaukkyaba /4/29 Myitmakha Media 2011/10/ /4/29 37

16 The Democratization of Myanmar from a Gender Perspective TOSA Keiko This article examines the pro-democratic movement and the long-term process of democratization in Myanmar from a gender perspective. Gender issues were not a central concern in the student-led pro-democratic movement of 1988 which prioritized putting an end to the military regime. However, this does not mean that gender issues were irrelevant in the Myanmar democratic movement. In the 1990s, the government established several non-governmental organizations concerning women, an indication that it was aware of the positive outcome of empowering women such as Aung San Suu Kyi of the National League for Democracy (NLD). However, under an oppressive political regime, the NDL had limited social influence and ability to disseminate information. However, exiled activists, who founded NGOs in the countries where they settled, began to support refugees and women, offering legal advice. With the help of these diaspora organizations and international NGOs such as the ILO, in 2004 a woman living in Yangon filed a complaint against certain government officers on the charge of forced labor and won the case. It was the first legal case against the government in Myanmar. Moreover, in the latter half of the 2000s, networks and religious associations were formed at the grass-root level, offering support to disadvantaged groups such as women, children, the needy, and disaster victims. They performed welfare work that the military regime had neglected. In 2010, the new government lead by President U Thein Sein began reform policies, and the cooperation with the NLD improved. The NLD participated in the 2012 by-election of the national congress, and the party won 43 out of 45 seats. The number of women in the congress increased from 2.9% to 4.4%. This increase in the political participation of women may help the government focus on gender issues. 38

Myanmar Labor Force Survey LFS. CMP CMP cutting, making, packaging CMP CMP CMP T.,,

Myanmar Labor Force Survey LFS. CMP CMP cutting, making, packaging CMP CMP CMP T.,, SLORC : State Law and Order Restoration Council MIC : Myanmar Investment Committee YCDC : Yangon City Development Committee... Khin Wit Yee. Population Changes and Fertility Survey PCFS. Report on Myanmar