Zero exponence/morph
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1 Zero exponence/morph Morphological Theory in the 21st Century ( ) Zero exponence/morph MT21, / 31
2 1 2 3 syncretism 4 ( ) Zero exponence/morph MT21, / 31
3 morpheme (1) a. cat cats cat.sg cat.pl b. cat- cat-s cat-sg cat-pl ( ) Zero exponence/morph MT21, / 31
4 (2) Coptic čō-i my head čō-k your.m head čō your.f head čō-f his head čō-s her head (3) Finnish oli-n I was oli-t you were oli he/she was oli-mme we were oli-tte you.pl were oli-vat they were (Haspelmath and Sims 2010:64) ( ) Zero exponence/morph MT21, / 31
5 (4) a. sheep, fish, deer, moose b. radi-i, mag-i, alumn-i, sarcophag-i c. ox-en, childr-en, brethr-en d. dog-s, cat-s, fox-es (Halle 1990:153) ( ) Zero exponence/morph MT21, / 31
6 Halle s (1990) concept of abstract morpheme (5) N N sheep sheep plural radius radi plural i N N ox ox plural en dog dog plural s ( ) Zero exponence/morph MT21, / 31
7 (6) N woman women plural ( ) Zero exponence/morph MT21, / 31
8 Anderson (1992:86) Purely morphological motivation for such additional zero morphemes is generally lacking, however,[...], these additional zero morphemes are simply a registry of the cases in which the claim that syntactically and semantically relevant aspects of a form are signaled by the presence of corresponding morphemes is incorrect. Pullum and Zwicky (1991:391 2) [...], there is no evidence for the alleged phonologically empty affixes [...]; these extra affixes are just artifacts of the analysis. ( ) Zero exponence/morph MT21, / 31
9 (7) N N N sheep [plural] women [plural] dogs [plural] ( ) Zero exponence/morph MT21, / 31
10 In some languages, information may sometimes be conveyed not by constituents that are present in the structure of a given word, but precisely by the fact that certain other material is absent. (Anderson 1992:87) ( ) Zero exponence/morph MT21, / 31
11 (8) mo= pvb g- ḳlav 2.obj kill I will kill you. (Anderson 1992:87) ( ) Zero exponence/morph MT21, / 31
12 1.sg 1.pl 2.sg 2.pl 3.sg 3.pl 1.sg m-xedav m-xedav-t m-xedav-s m-xedav-en 2.sg g-xedav g-xedav-t g-xedav-s g-xedav-en 3.sg v-xedav v-xedav-t xedav xedav-t xedav-s xedav-en 1.pl gv-xedav gv-xedav-t gv-edav-s gv-xedav-en 2.pl g-xedav-t g-xedav-t g-xedav-t g-xedav-en 3.pl v-xedav-t v-xedav-t xedav xedav-t g-xedav-t xedav-en 1: xedav see (cf. Spencer 1991:219) s/-en 1 -t 1 ( ) Zero exponence/morph MT21, / 31
13 1 2 3 syncretism 4 ( ) Zero exponence/morph MT21, / 31
14 conversion default form zero exponence morphophonological alternation ( ) Zero exponence/morph MT21, / 31
15 (9) a. to cut/a cut to run/a run to ring/a ring to walk/a walk b. a hand/to hand an orbit/to orbit a ring/to ring a grandstand/to grandstand (Spencer 1991:19-20) ( ) Zero exponence/morph MT21, / 31
16 (10) a. We rang the bell. b. We ringed/*rang the pigeon. (11) a. They stood beside the car. b. They grandstanded/*grandstood the stadium. c. They *withstanded/witstood the enemy. (Kiparsky 1982, Spencer 1991) ( ) Zero exponence/morph MT21, / 31
17 (12) V V past stand [+ablaut] ( ) Zero exponence/morph MT21, / 31
18 (13) V V past N A N grand V stand [+ablaut] ( ) Zero exponence/morph MT21, / 31
19 (14) V V [+ablaut] past P V with stand [+ablaut] (Spencer 1991:186; Williams 1981) ( ) Zero exponence/morph MT21, / 31
20 pres.indicative pres.subjunctive impf.indicative sg pl sg pl sg pl 1 parl-o parl-iamo parl-i parl-iamo parl-a-v-o parl-a-va-mo 2 parl-i parl-a-te parl-i parl-i-ate parl-a-v-i parl-a-va-te 3 parl-a parl-a-no parl-i parl-i-no parl-a-va parl-a-va-no 2: parlare to speak (Spencer 1991:215) (15) root slot 1 slot 2 slot 3 parl a va o i i mo, iamo te, ate no ( ) Zero exponence/morph MT21, / 31
21 Extended Word-and-Paradigm (Spencer 1991:216 9; cf. Anderson 1992) (16) Slot 1 a. [+subj] /X/ /X+i/ b. /X/ /X+a/ (17) Slot 2 [+impf] /X/ /X+va/ ( ) Zero exponence/morph MT21, / 31
22 (18) Slot 3 +you a. +pl d. +subj /X/ /X+a/ e. +me b. +pl impf c. /X/ /X+iamo/ [ ] +you +pl /X/ /X+te/ [ ] pl +subj /X/ /X/ [ ] +me +pl /X/ /X+mo/ f. [+pl] /X/ /X+no/ g. [+me] /X/ /X+o/ h. [+you] /X/ /X+i/ ( ) Zero exponence/morph MT21, / 31
23 parl-a- - (3.sg.pres.indic) slot 1 (16b) slot 2, slot 3 parl-i- - (sg.pres.subj) slot 1 (16a) slot 3 (18d) slot 2 theme vowel parl-a-o parl- -o (1.sg.pres.indic) parl-a-i parl- -i (2.sg.pers.indic) parl-a-iamo parl- -iamo (1.pl.pres.indic) parl-i-iamo parl- -iamo (1.pl.pres.subj) ( ) Zero exponence/morph MT21, / 31
24 syncretism syncretism 4 ( ) Zero exponence/morph MT21, / 31
25 syncretism sg pl 1 poyu potyamu 2 mbyoyu mbyotyamu 3 poyu poyaju 3: poyu ran (Baerman et al. 2005:25) (19) Stem formation Stem( poy,σ:{2} ) = mbyoy (20) Block I a. X, V, {3pl} Xyaj b. X, V, {pl} Xtam (21) Block II X, V, {past} Xu (cf. Stump 2016) ( ) Zero exponence/morph MT21, / 31
26 syncretism Gapapaiwa Tawala subj fut simple asp potential mood 1sg a- a-na- a- a- 2sg ku- ku-na- u- u-na- 3sg i- i-na- i- i-na- 1incl.pl ta- ta- ta- ta- 1pl ka- ka-na- to- to- 2pl ko- ko-na- o- o-na- 3pl i- i-na- hi- hi-na- 4: (Baerman et al. 2005:96) ( ) Zero exponence/morph MT21, / 31
27 syncretism 1incl.pl future subjunctive -na 1incl.pl syncretism IDF (identity function default) rules of referral (Stump 1993, 2001) property mappings (Stump 2016) simple aspect potential mood 1sg, 1incl.pl, 1.pl syncretism ( ) Zero exponence/morph MT21, / 31
28 1 2 3 syncretism 4 ( ) Zero exponence/morph MT21, / 31
29 WP morpheme Morpheme-based PFM Identigy Function Default syncretism impoverishment ( ) Zero exponence/morph MT21, / 31
30 Anderson, Stephen R. (1992) A-Morphous Morphology. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Baerman, Matthew, Dunstan Brown, and Greville G. Corbett (2005) The Syntax-Morphology Interface: A Study of Syncretism. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Halle, Morris (1990) An Approach to Morphology. In Carter, Juli, Rose-Marie Dechaine, Bill Philip, and Tim Sherer, eds. Proceedings of the North Eastern Linguistics Society., , GLSA. Amherst, MA. Haspelmath, Martin and Andreas D. Sims (2010) Understanding Morphology. London: Hodder Education, 2nd edition. Kiparsky, Paul (1982) Explanation in Phonology. Dordrecht: Foris. Pullum, Geoffrey K. and Arnold M. Zwicky (1991) A Misconceived Approach to Morphology. In Bates, Dawn, ed. Proceedings of the West Coast Conference on Formal Linguistics 10., , CSLI. Stanford, CA. Spencer, Andrew (1991) Morphological Theory: An Introduction to Word Structure in Generative Grammar. Oxford: Blackwell. ( ) Zero exponence/morph MT21, / 31
31 Stump, Gregory (2016) Inflectional Paradigms: Content and Form at the Syntax Morphology Interface. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Stump, Gregory T. (1993) On Rules of Referral. Language 69, (2001) Inflectional Morphology: A Theory of Paradigm Structure. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Williams, Edwin (1981) On the Notions Lexically Related and Head of a Word. Linguistic Inquiry 12, ( ) Zero exponence/morph MT21, / 31
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