Cognitive Studies, 19(3), (Sep. 2012) The role of phonology in visual word recognition has been widely researched. Specifically, it is worth
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1 Cognitive Studies, 19(3), (Sep. 2012) The role of phonology in visual word recognition has been widely researched. Specifically, it is worth investigating whether the phonological processing of Japanese kanji is the same as that of an alphabetic writing system. The current study systematically examined articulatory suppression effects. Although articulatory suppression is a research tool often used to explore phonological processing in reading, it does not impair all types of phonological processing. Experiment 1A and 1B examined whether articulatory suppression disrupts rhyme judgments. Participants were shown pairs of two-kanji compound words and asked to judge whether they contained the same vowel. In both experiments, participants made more errors under an articulatory suppression condition. Experiment 2A and 2B examined whether articulatory suppression disrupts homophone judgments. The stimuli of Experiment 2A were the same as experimental stimuli of Experiment 1A. The results showed no articulatory suppression effect. The non-homophone pair was a phonologically similar pair in Experiment 2B. The results suggest that articulatory suppression had some interference effect on homophone judgment. The articulatory suppression effect on phonological processing of two-kanji words was similar to that of alphabetic writing system. Articulatory suppression must impair the segmentation process, irrespective of task type. Keywords: articulatory suppression, homophone judgment, rhyme judgment, kanji Van Orden (1987) (e.g., Frost, 1998; Lesch & Pollatsek, 1993; Lukatela & Turvey, 1994; Maris & de Graaff Stoffers, 2009) Coltheart (e.g., Coltheart, 1978) Articulatory Suppression Effects on Rhyme and Homophone Judgments of Two-Kanji Compound Words, by Aiko Morita (Graduate school of Education Hiroshima University), and Satoru Saito (Graduate school of Education Kyoto University). (dual route model) (phonological route) (direct route orthographic route) (e.g., Ferrand & Grainger, 1992; Humphreys, Evett, & Taylor, 1982; Jared & Seidenberg, 1991; Luo, 1996; Rayner, Pollatsek, & Binder, 1998) Newman & Joanisse (2011)
2 366 Cognitive Studies Sep fmri Wilson, Tregellas, Slason, Pasko, & Rojas (2011) fmri 1.2 Tan & Perfetti (1999) 2 SOA 2 1 (Perfetti & Zhang, 1995) (Morita & Matsuda, 2000) Pollatsek, Tan, & Rayner (2000) ( Liu, Perfetti, & Hart, 2003; Zhang, Zhang, & Kong, 2009) Zhou & Marslen-Wilson (e.g., Zhou & Marslen-Wilson, 1999, 2000, 2009) Chua (1999) Sakuma, Sasanuma, Tatsumi, & Masaki (1998) Wydell, Patterson, & Humphreys (1993) Perfetti & Liu (2005) Besner,Davis,&Daniels (1981) Besner & Davelaar (1982) 2 articulatory non-articulatory
3 Vol. 19 No (e.g., Murray, 1968) articulatory (Baddeley, Lewis, & Vallar, 1984) non-articulatory ( Nickels, Howard, & Best, 1997; Tree, Longmore, & Besner, 2011) 2 (e.g., Arthur, Hitch, & Halliday, 1994; Barron & Baron, 1977; Besner et al., 1981; Brown, 1987; Johnston & McDermott, 1986; Tree et al., 2011; Wilding & White, 1985) articulatory (Kinoshita & Saito, 1992) 2 (e.g., Baddeley & Lewis, 1981; Richardson, 1987) nonarticulatory (e.g., Besner et al., 1981; Brown, 1987)Tree et al. (2011) articulatory Kinoshita & Saito (1992) Kinoshita & Saito 3 4
4 368 Cognitive Studies Sep articulatory Kinoshita & Saito (1992) 1.5 Baddeley (1983, 1986) Besner (1987) Monsell (1987) (Nickels et al, 1997; Tree et al., 2011) (Nickels et al, 1997; Tree et al., 2011) non-articulatory articulatory 1.6 articulatory nonarticulatory 1 Kinoshita & Saito (1992) Kinoshita & Saito Kinoshita & Saito 1A 1B 2A 2B Kinoshita & Saito ariticulatory 2 articulatory Kinoshita & Saito 2 articulatory non-articulatory articulatory 1A 2A (Morita & Saito, 2007) non-articulatory
5 Vol. 19 No articulatory 2 articulatory 2. 1A A ( ) ) Morita & Saito (2007) core ( ) 3 54 core (Sakuma et al., 1998; Wydell et al., 1993) core (, 2000 ) Morita & Saito (2007) core core ( - ) ( - ) SuperLab version2.0 M ( ) Z ( ) ms 300 ms 2 28 MS core core 2 (M) (Z)
6 370 Cognitive Studies Sep ( 1A) (%) 2 SD SD SD 2.6 (3.5) 3.4 (6.5) 3.0 (4.2) 0.8 (2.3) 1.5 (3.1) 1.1 (1.7) 2 ( 1A) (ms) 2 SD SD SD (430.4) (942.3) (684.0) (484.3) (804.5) (617.0) A SD % 2 Kinoshita & Saito (1992) ( ) 1 (F 1(1, 19) = 0.36, p>.10, MSE = , η 2 =.02; F 2(1, 53) = 2.00, p>.10, MSE= , η 2 =.04) Kinoshita & Saito (1992) ( ) 1 (F 1(1, 19) = 3.66, p<.10, MSE=26.79, η 2 =.16) (F 2(1, 53) = 4.64, p<.05, MSE=53.39, η 2 =.08) 2 ( ) 2( ) A Kinoshita & Saito (1992) (Morita & Saito, 2007) articulatory 1A
7 Vol. 19 No ms 1B 3. 1B B ( ) ( ) A core 54 ( ) core ( ) 1A core A A ( ) 1 (F 1(1, 21) = 5.44, p<.05, MSE =60.94, η 2 =.21; F 2(1, 53) = 4.06, p<.05, MSE= , η 2 =.07) SD % 4 ( ) 1 (F 1(1, 21) = 0.43, p>.10, MSE = , η 2 =.02; F 2(1, 53) = 1.27, p>.10, MSE = , η 2 =.02) 2
8 372 Cognitive Studies Sep ( 1B) (%) 2 SD SD SD 22.4 (18.6) 5.0 (6.0) 13.6 (8.9) 11.7 (8.1) 4.4 (7.6) 8.0 (5.5) 4 ( 1B) (ms) 2 SD SD SD (812.7) (480.9) (623.0) (702.0) (432.9) (528.5) 3.3 1B 1A articulatory 1A 1B 1A 4. 2A A articulatory non-articulatory 2 2A Morita & Matsuda (2000) Morita & Saito (2007) 1A Morita & Matsuda Morita & Saito 1A ( 10 6 ) ( ) Morita & Saito (2007) 1A 54 1A core core A 1B A 1B (M)
9 Vol. 19 No ( 2A) (%) 2 SD SD SD 6.4 (5.8) 5.2 (7.5) 5.8 (4.4) 6.0 (4.7) 3.6 (7.2) 4.8 (4.2) 6 ( 2A) (ms) 2 SD SD SD (145.1) (133.6) (136.9) (146.2) (156.6) (145.0) (Z) A ( ) 1 (F 1(1, 15) = 0.76, p>.10, MSE=21.63, η 2 =.05; F 2(1, 53) = 0.25, p>.10, MSE= , η 2 =.00) SD % 6 ( ) 1 (F 1(1, 15) = 0.18, p>.10, MSE = , η 2 =.01; F 2(1, 53) = 0.08, p>.10, MSE = , η 2 =.00) non-articulatory 2A Kinoshita & Saito (1992) 1 2A Kinoshita &Saito 2A Tree et al. (2011) 2B 2A
10 374 Cognitive Studies Sep ( 2B) (%) 2 SD SD SD 9.2 (9.3) 4.2 (6.0) 6.7 (5.8) 4.6 (4.0) 5.8 (5.1) 5.2 (3.1) 8 ( 2B) (ms) 2 SD SD SD (269.0) (244.4) (250.5) (164.2) (187.0) (169.3) 5. 2B B ( ) ( ) ( - ) 40 ( - - ) (, 2000 ) A ( ) 1 (F 1(1, 23) = 0.89, p>.10, MSE =19.53, η 2 =.04; F 2(1, 79) = 1.23, p>.10, MSE= , η 2 =.02) 2 ( ) 2( ) 2 (F 1(1, 23) = 3.85, p<.10, MSE= , η 2 =.14; F 2(1, 78) = 3.76, p<.10, MSE= , η 2 =.04) SD % 8 ( ) 1 (F 1(1, 23) = 19.47, p<.001, MSE = , η 2 =.46; F 2(1, 79) = 41.85, p<.001, MSE= , η 2 =.35) 2 ( ) 2( ) 2
11 Vol. 19 No B Kinoshita & Saito (1992) 2B Kinoshita & Saito 2A Kinoshita & Saito (1992) 2B 2B A 1B (Arthur et al., 1994; Barron & Baron, 1977; Besner et al., 1981; Brown, 1987; Johnston & McDermott, 1986; Tree et al., 2011; Wilding & White, 1985) 2A (e.g., Baddeley & Lewis, 1981; Richardson, 1987) 1A 2A 2A 2A 2B 2 articulatory non-articulatory 1A 1B articulatory (e.g., Baddeley & Lewis, 1981; Richardson, 1987) Tree et al. (2011) 2A non-articulatory 2B
12 376 Cognitive Studies Sep Kinoshita & Saito (1992) 1A 1B 2B 2B 1B 2B Kinoshita & Saito (1992) (Tree, et al., 2011) 1 (Nickels et al., 1997) non-articulatory articulatory 7. articulatory non-articulatory articulatory non-articulatory 2
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14 378 Cognitive Studies Sep mental Psychology, 60, Murray, D. J. (1968). Articulation and acoustic confusability in short-term memory. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 78, Newman, R. L., & Joanisse, M. F. (2011). Modulation of brain regions involved in word recognition by homophonous stimuli: An fmri study. Brain Research, 1367, Nickels, L., Howard, D., & Best, W. (1997). Fractionating the articulatory loop: Dissociations and associations in phonological recoding in aphasia. Brain and Language, 56, Perfetti, C. A., & Liu, Y. (2005). Orthography to phonology and meaning: Comparisons across and within writing systems. Reading and Writing, 18, Perfetti, C. A., & Zhang, S. (1995). Very early phonological activation in Chinese reading. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 21, Pollatsek, A., Tan, L. H., & Rayner, K. (2000). The role of phonological codes in integrating information across saccadic eye movements in Chinese character identification. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 26, Rayner, K., Pollatsek, A., & Binder, K. S. (1998). Phonological codes are used in integrating information across saccades in word identification and reading. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 24, Richardson, J. T. E. (1987). Phonology and reading: The effects of articulatory suppression upon homophony and rhyme judgments. Language and Cognitive Processes, 2, Sakuma, N, Sasanuma, S., Tatsumi, I. F., & Masaki, S. (1998). Orthography and phonology in reading Japanese kanji words: Evidence from the semantic decision task with homophones. Memory and Cognition, 26, Tan, L. H., & Perfetti, C. A. (1999). Phonological activation in visual identification of Chinese two-character words. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 25, Tree, J. J., Longmore, C., & Besner, D. (2011). Orthography, phonology, short-term memory and the effects of concurrent articulation on rhyme and homophony judgements. Acta Psychologica, 136, Van Orden, G. C. (1987). A ROWS is a ROSE: Spelling, sound, and reading. Memory and Cognition, 15, Wilding, J., & White, W. (1985). Impairment of rhyme judgments by silent and overt articulatory suppression. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 37A, Wilson, L. B., Tregellas, J. R., Slason, E., Pasko, B. E., & Rojas, D. C. (2011). Implicit phonological priming during visual word recognition. NeuroImage, 55, Wydell, T. N., Patterson, K. E., & Humphreys, G. W. (1993). Phonologically mediated access to meaning for Kanji: Is a rows still a rose in Japanese Kanji? Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning Memory and Cognition, 19, Zhang, Q., Zhang, J. X., & Kong, L. (2009). An ERP study on the time course of phonological and semantic activation in Chinese word recognition. International Journal of Psychophysiology, 73, Zhou, X., & Marslen-Wilson, W. (1999). Phonology, orthography, and semantic activation in reading Chinese. Journal of Memory and Language, 41, Zhou, X., & Marslen-Wilson, W. (2000). The relative time course of semantic and phonological activation in reading Chinese. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 26, Zhou, X., & Marslen-Wilson, W. (2009). Pseudohomophone effects in processing Chinese compound words. Language and Cognitive Processes, 24, (Received 7 March 2012) (Accepted 27 June 2012)
15 Vol. 19 No ( ) 2003 PD Honorary Reader Experimental Psychology Society, Association for Psychological Science
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