smpp_resume.dvi

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1 6 Parallel Processing Parallel Pseudo-parallel Concurrent 1) 1/60 1) IBM Deep Blue Deep Blue 2)

2 PC Rank Manufacturer Computer Rmax Installation Site Country Year Intel IBM SGI IBM ASCI Red ASCI Blue-Pacific SST, IBM SP 604e ASCI Blue Mountain SP Power3 375 MHz Area of Installation # Proc Rpeak Nmax N1/ Sandia National Labs Albuquerque USA 1999 Research Lawrence Livermore National Research Laboratory Livermore USA 1999 Energy Los Alamos National Laboratory Los Alamos USA 1998 Research IBM/Naval Oceanographic Office Vendor (NAVOCEANO) Poughkeepsie USA 2000 Aerospace Hitachi Hitachi SR8000-F1/112 SR8000-F1/ Leibniz Rechenzentrum Muenchen Germany 2000 Academic High Energy Accelerator Research Organization /KEK Tsukuba Japan 2000 Research Cray Inc. Cray Inc. T3E1200 T3E Government USA 1998 Classified US Army HPC Research Center at NCS Minneapolis USA 2000 Research Hitachi SR8000/ University of Tokyo Tokyo Japan 1999 Academic Cray Inc. IBM SGI Cray Inc. Cray Inc. Cray Inc. T3E900 SP Power3 375 MHz ORIGIN MHz T3E900 T3E1200 T3E Government USA 1997 Classified Oak Ridge National Laboratory Oak Ridge USA 2000 Research Los Alamos National Laboratory /ACL Los Alamos USA 1999 Research Naval Oceanographic Office Research (NAVOCEANO) Bay Saint Louis USA 1999 Weather CSAR at the University of Manchester Manchester UK 2000 Academic Research Deutscher Wetterdienst Offenbach Germany 1999 Weather : ) Deep Blue GHz 1ns 30cm 1ns

3 LINPACK 3) Rmax LINPACK #Proc DRAM 80 ns word 12.5 MW SRAM 10 ns 100MW word 32bit 4B MB/s : 4 B/W 20 GFLOPS 40 GW/s 160 GB/s SRAM 400 DRAM Flynn 6.4 1) SIMD (Single Instruction Multiple Data) MIMD (Multiple Instruction Multiple Data) Thinking Machines CM

4 PC : 4) SIMD Data Instruction SISD (single instruction stream single data stream) Instruction Data Instruction SIMD (single instruction stream multiple data stream) Instruction Data C P U C P U C P U Data MISD (multiple instruction stream single data stream) MIMD (multiple instruction stream multiple data stream) 6.4:

5 170 1) (a) centralized shared memory SMP : symmetric multiprocessor (b) distributed shared memory 2) NORA no remote access (a) (b) 6.5 P1 P2 P3 P1 P2 P3 M M M M M M P1 P2 P3 a b c 6.5: TCP/IP PVM (Parallel Virtual Machine) Mbit Ethernet 6.6 interconnection network latency throughput

6 PC MPP SMP SMP HW HW PC/WS ? MIPS R2000 SUN SPARC PVM Ethernet Switch MPI, SCI Windows BaseTX 100BaseTX Myrinet (IEEE802, 3z) (IEEE802,3U) Memory Chanel 6.6: 5) topology TCP/IP De Bruijn Star Graph Fat-Tree 6.7: 1) De Bruijn Star Graph 6.8: 1)

7 172 HPF (High-Performance Fortran) PVM (Parallel Virtual Machine) MPI (Message Passing Interface) C FORTRAN PVM MPI 6.9 Degree of parallelism Problem Algorithm Language and compiler Operating system Hardware From problem to solution 6.9: 5) C = AB n n O(log n) n log n n O(n) 6.9 E p = T 1 pt p (6.1)

8 PC p T 1 T p p R(f) = 1 (1 f)+f/r p (6.2) Amdahl Speedup BJHGI No. of processors : f R(f) R p grain size or granularity fine graincoarse grain medium grain 50

9 174 Gauss-Seidel 6.11 Domain Spec. Probl. Conceptual Model Numerical Solvers (FE/FV/CG ) Natural Solvers (SA, GA, NN) Decomposition and Mapping Virtual Machine Model Vector and Parrallel Machines Embedded Systems PC s Workstation 6.11: 7)

10 PC Red-Black Jacobi Gauss-Seidel HPF Domain Decomposition particle method) 8) N N N N(N 1) N N log N N(N 1) Bookkeeping method inner loop

11 176 DO-LOOP inner loop 6.9

12 PC )... 2) IBM. Kasparov vs. deep blue, ) Mannheim University and Netlib. Top500 supercomputing sites, ),,.. BP. 5),.., Vol. 39, No. 11, pp. 1073, Nov ) D.I. Moldovan. Parallel Processing from Applications to Systems. Morgan Kaufmann. 7) P.M.A. Sloot. Modelling for Parallel Simulation: Possibilities and Pitfalls. EUROSIM. 8) E.F. Van de Velde. Concurrent Scientific Computing. Springer-Verlag.

09中西

09中西 PC NEC Linux (1) (2) (1) (2) 1 Linux Linux 2002.11.22) LLNL Linux Intel Xeon 2300 ASCIWhite1/7 / HPC (IDC) 2002 800 2005 2004 HPC 80%Linux) Linux ASCI Purple (ASCI 100TFlops Blue Gene/L 1PFlops (2005)