civil war political economy of civil wars 1 153
1990-2002 1978-2001 1975-2002 1975~ 1978-97 1984~ 1997 1996-97 1998~ 1975~ 1969~ 1989-96 1975~ 1949~ 1988~ 1980-95 1991-2000 1983~ Michael Ross, The Natural Resource Curse: How Wealth Can Make You Poor in Ian Bannon and Paul Collier (eds.), Natural Resources and Violent Conflict: Options and Actions [Washington, D.C.: The World Bank, 2003], p. 18. UNITA 1990 154
7500 1990 Revolutionary United Front: RUF 1983 Sudan People s Liberation Army: SPLA 200 2 3 4 155
5 (civil war) GDP 5% 6% 25% 30% 3%~8% 6 156
7 8 45 90% 3 1 157
1991 1991 Foday Sankoh RUF National Patriotic Front of Liberia NPFL 2001 10 1996 1997 1999 1991 ECOMOG Economic Community of West African States Cease-Fire Monitoring Group ECOMOG RUF RUF 158
RUF 1996 2 Ahmed Tejan Kabbah RUF 11 PKO 1997 5 Johnny Paul Koromoh Armed Forces Revolutionary Council AFRC ECOMOG 1997 10 1998 2 ECOMOG 7 70 UN Observer Mission in Sierra Leone: UNOMSIL RUF ECOMOG 1999 RUF UN Mission in Sierra Leone: UNAMSIL 13,000 159
RUF RUF Strategic Mineral Resources Commission RUF UNAMSIL 2000 5 500 UNAMSIL 2000 11 2001 5 2005 RUF 1990 3 160
9 1930 1950 7 5 1980 10 RUF 161
11 1994 Rwanda Patriotic Front: RPF 1996 9 12 AFDL: Alliance des Forces Démocratiques pour la Libération du Congo-Zaire AFDL = Laurent Desire Kabila ADFL ADFL 162
1997 5 ADFL ADFL 13 1998 8 RCD: Rassemblement congolais pour la démocratie ALiR: Interahamwe/ex-FAR Mai Mai 14 1999 MLC Mouvement pour la libération du Congo RCD RCD-ML RCD-Goma 1999 7 EU European Union OAU Organization of African Unity 8 MLC RCD Mai Mai 8 1258 90 163
Joint Military Commission: JMC 11 1279 MONUC United Nations Organization Mission in the Democratic Republic of the Congo 500 MONUC JMC MLC 2001 1 (Joseph Kabila) 5 8 10 2002 7 9 8 RCD-ML 6 UPC UPC 2002 12 4 RCD-Goma MLC 19 35 164
2003 6 15 2003 3 UPC 5 UPC EU 5 9 6 2004 RCD-Goma 6 1 25 2004 9 JVC 16 2004 7 FNI Front des Nationalistes et Intégrationnistes FAPC Forces Armées du Peuple Congolais ADFL 165
1998 RCD 17 2000 11 2001 18 1000 RCD 19 1994 0.22 2000 10.83 0.0016 0.0044 1997 19 8000 166
2001 253 9000 1997 2.57 1999 69.5 20 1998 8 9 1999 6 2000 9 NGO 167
2000 21 22 7 41 41 5 100 168
23 ECOWAS NPFL 24 International Criminal Court: ICC International Convention for the Suppression of the Financing of Terrorism UN Convention against Transnational Organized Crime 25 169
2003 26 (IMF) 27 1 2 3 4 170
1 Mats Berdal and David M. Malone, Introduction in Mats Berdal and David M. Malone (eds.), Greed and Grievance: Economic Agendas in Civil Wars (Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner Publishers, 2000), p. 2. See also David Keen, The Economic Functions of Violence in Civil Wars: Adelphi Paper 320 (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1998; Karen Ballentine and Jake Sherman (eds.), The Political Economy of Armed Conflict: Beyond Greed and Grievance (Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner Publishers, 2003); and Michael Pugh and Neil Cooper with Jonathan Goodhand, War Economies in a Regional Context (Boulder, CO: Lynner Rienner Publishers, 2004). 2 Michael Ross, The Natural Resource Curse: How Wealth Can Make You Poor in Ian Bannon and Paul Collier (eds.), Natural Resources and Violent Conflict: Options and Actions (Washington, D.C.: The World Bank, 2003), pp. 29-33. 3 See, for instance, David Keen, Incentives and Disincentives for Violence in Berdal and Malone (eds.), op. cit. 4 (shadow states) William Reno, Shadow States and the Political Economy of Civil Wars in Berdal and Malone (eds.), op. cit. 5 See Karen Ballentine and Jake Sherman, Introduction in Ballentine and Sherman (eds.), op. cit., pp. 1-2. 6 See Ian Bannon and Paul Collier, Natural Resources and Conflict: What We Can Do in Bannon and Collier (eds.), op. cit., pp. 2-5. 7 Michael L. Ross, Oil, Drugs, and Diamonds: The Varying Roles of Natural Resources in Civil War in Ballentine and Sherman (eds.), op. cit., p. 53. 8 Michael Ross, op. cit. in Bannon and Collier (eds.), op. cit., pp. 19-22. 9 See Pugh and Cooper with Goodhand, op. cit., p. 100. 10 Ibid., p. 102. 11 RUF 171
2003 12 See Tatiana Carayannis, and Herbert F. Weiss, The Democratic Republic of Congo 1996-2002 in Jane Boulden (ed.), Dealing with Conflict in Africa: The United Nations and Regional Organizations (Palgrave, 2003), p. 259. 13 Ibid., p. 270. 14 Ibid., p. 271. 15 37 2003 pp. 33-38 16 39 2004 pp. 38-42 17 Musifiky Mwanasali, The View from Below in Berdal and Malone (eds.), op. cit., p. 142. 18 (ADF) 19 Ibid. 20 No. 36 2003 13 21 See Pugh and Cooper with Goodhand, op. cit., p. 118. 22 See Samuel D. Porteous, Targeted Financial Sanctions in Berdal and Malone (eds.), op. cit. 23 Philippe Le Billon, Getting It Done: Instruments of Enforcement in Bannon and Collier (eds.), op. cit., p. 234. 24 Ibid., p. 238. 25 Ibid., pp. 239-243. 26 Ibid., pp. 244-248. 27 See the website of the United Nations <http://www.un.org/depts/ptd/global.htm>. 172