! "18, 2008 6 # $ # $ # $# $ # $ # $2 # $ # $ # $ spontaneous controlled Hopper & Thompson 1980 # transitivity $ # participants $ # agency $ # affectedness of object $ # $ volitionality kinesis aspect # $ # $ 1 1 2 3 # $ # $ 1 / 2 / 3 / 1 AOKI Hiromi 133
134 1 1 2 3 1 1981 2 1994 3 1998 4 1999 5 2000 6 2002 7 ICJ 1971 8 JBP 1984 1990 9 IMJ 1987 10 SFJ 1991 1! " 2! "! "! " 3! " 1 stative 1973! "! " Makino1975 1976 1978 1996 spontaneous controlled McGloin1989 3 Hopper & Thompson H&T 1980! transitivity "! participants "! "! agency "! affectedness of object " 2 1 1 1995! "! "! "! " 2 1993 44 1 2 3
! "! " 135 2 2-1 4 3 3 4 a b c 1978 257 5! 4c " 5! "! " 6! "! " 7a! " 6 7b!! " "! "! " 8 4 5 "!% # 6 7 a b 8 4c 1973 Makino 1975 1976 1978 1996 McGloin 1989 2-2 %$ 1973 80 84! " +! " + 9a! / " 9b! " + 10a! " 10b! " 9 a / 3 Kuno 1973 1976a 4! "! " 1978 235 236
136 b / 10 a b 9! "! "! "! " 11! "! "! " 12! "! "! " 11 a + + b + + 12 a + + b + +! "! " +! " Makino 1975 1976 1978 1996! " 13! " 14! " 13 a / b / 14 a / b / 1978 194 196!! "! " 1996 159 " 15 15 a / b / c / 1996 98 15a! / "! "! " 15b animate! " inanimate! "! " 16! "! "
! "! " 137 16 a i i / b i i / 1978 195 16! "! "! " McGloin 1989 spontaneous controlled Makino 1975 1976 17! " 18a! " 18b! " 17 a / b / 18 a / b / McGloin1989 72 73 1978 1996 McGloin 1989 1973 17! "! " 18! "! " 3 2004 2005 H&T 1980 1991 Jacobsen 1992 Givón 1995 1995 2002 2004 H&T 1980 2 10! transitivity hypothesis " 5 Jerry likes beer. Jerry knocked Sam down.! " 19 a. participants b. kinesis c. aspect d. punctuality i. affectedness of O j. individuation of O
138 2 Hopper & Thompson 1980 252 19 HIGH LOW a. Participants 2 or more participants, A and O 1 participant b. Kinesis action non-action c. Aspect telic atelic d. Punctuality punctual non-punctual e. Volitionality volitional non-volitional f. Affirmation affirmative negative g. Mode realis irrealis h. Agency A high in potency A low in potency i. Affectedness of O O totally affected O not affected j. Individuation of O O highly individuated O non-individuated A agent O object 2 1995 236 2005 56 6 19 # h. A high in potency $ # l. O totally affected $ # e. volitionality volitional / non-volitional $ # b. kinesis action / nonaction $ # c. aspect telic / atelic $ 7 # $ 1978 5 H&T # $! "1992 1525 6 H&T 1980 2005 7! " 1992 volitionality # $ kinesis # $
! "! " 139 4 4-1! " 20! " 21! " a! "! " b! "! "! "! "! agent " 8 20 a b 21 a b! "! "! " 4-2 4-2-1 22! " 23! " a b 24 25 22 a b 23 a b 24 a b 25 a b 8 1982 active potential passive potential
140 4-2-2 26! "! "! experiencer " 27! " 26 27 a 5 b 6! " 28 a b 9 29! " a! "! " b! "! " 10 28 a / b / 29 a / b / 28 29! " 30 31! "! "! "! " 11 30 a / b / 9! "! " 1994 55 56 10 29 32 40 43 49 54 57 35 2 1 0 80 11! + " 1993
! "! " 141 31 a / b / 32! " 33! " 34! "! "! " 32 33 a / b / 34 a / b /! " 14 33a 34a 33b 34b! "! "! "! " 12 35! " 36! "! " 35 a / b / 36 a / b /! " 37! "! " 38! "! "! " 37 38 a / b / 1987 39! "! " 12! Searle 1969 " 1998 45
142 40 a! "! " b c! "! " 39 a / b / 40 a / b / 13 c / 1987 141 4-2-3 H&T 1980 19c telic / atelic perfective / imperfective 14 I am eating. endpoint I ate it up. telicity 19i I drank some of the milk. I drank up the milk.! " 2004! " 41a! "! " 41b! "! " 42! " 41 a b 42 a b 2004 173 13 1983 150! "! " 40b 14 2002 telic / atelic! " 1976b 153! "! "! "! "! "
! "! " 143 43! " 44! " 45! " 46! "! " 47! " 48! " 49! " 15! " 43 / 44 / 45 / 46 47 / 48 / 49 / 6 50! "! "! " 16 51! "! "! "! "! " 50 / 51 / 1996! "! "! " 17! " 52 53! + "! " 18 52 a b / 53 a 15 2002 telic 16! "! "! "! " 1981 17 1992 1996 18 1993 205! "! " "
144 b 54! " 55! " 56! " 57! "! " 54 55 / 56 / 57 / 58 60! " 58 / 59 / 60 /! " 5! "! "! " 1987! p. 142 " 2
# $ # $ 145 1995 # $! "86 52 64 1981!# $ # $ " 1976a! " 1976b! " 1993! " 1973! " 1983! " 1978! " 1993 # $! "33 1 1994 # $! "6 53 75 1992 # # $# $ $! "2 11 21 1996 # # $# $ 2 $! "6 13 26 1987 # $! " 127 144 1991! " 2005 # $! "34 8 51 57 1982! 1 " 2004 # $! " 169 204 2002! " 1999! " 1978! " 1996! " 1998 # $! "114 37 83 1995! " 2002!# $ # $ " Givón, T. 1995 Functionalism and Grammar. John Benjamins Publishing Company. Hopper, P.J., and S.A. Thompson. 1980 Transitivity in grammar and discourse, Language, Vol.56 2, 251 299. Jacobsen, W.M. 1992 The Transitive Structure of Events in Japanese. Kuroshio Publishers. Kuno, S. 1973 The Structure of the Japanese Language. The MIT Press. Makino, S. 1975 76 On the nature of the Japanese potential constructions. Papers in Japanese Linguistics 4 97 124. McGloin, N.H. 1989 A Students Guide to Japanese Grammar. Searle, J.R. 1969 Speech Acts: An Essay in the Philosophy of Language. London: Cambridge University Press.
146 Vendler, Z. 1967 Linguistics in Philosophy. Cornell University Press.! " 1992 1! " 1981 2! " 1994 3! " 1998 4! " 1999 The Japan Times. 5! " 2000 6! " 2002 7!Intensive Course in Japanese Elementary Dialogues and Drills Part1 2" 1971 8!Japanese for Busy People I" 1984!Japanese for Busy People II" 1990 Association for Japanese-Language Teaching. Kodansha International LTD. 9!An Introduction to Modern Japanese" 1987 25th printing. The Japan Times. 10!Situational Functional Japanese Volume1 2 Notes" 1991 # $ 2000 /# 5$# 6$ 1994 /# $ 1993 PHP /# $ 2003 /# $ 1985