V. M. S. V. 1 Contents of the lecture note by Prof. V. M. Byakov and Dr. S. V. Stepanov (Institute of Theoretical and Experimental Physics, Russia) are described in a series of articles. The first article concerns basic concepts, classification and sources of ionizing radiations. Translation into the Japanese language is based on the arrangement between the Japanese Society of Radiation Chemistry and National Research Nuclear University MEPhI, Russian Federation. Keywords: radiation chemistry, radiolysis, early process V. M. S. V. 1 5 99% Foundations of Radiation Chemistry Early Processes of Radiolysis by V. M. Byakov and S. V. Stepanov, Part 1 Yoshinori Kobayashi (National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology), Toshitaka Oka (Japan Atomic Energy Agency), 305 8565 1 1 1, TEL: 029-861-4886, FAX: 029-861-4622, E-mail: y-kobayashi@aist.go.jp 18 19 100 1895 X 1896 *1 1887 *1 radio activity radio radius activus α β γ X
, *2 α β γ 1944 M. Burton A. K. 1985 1987 *2 1897 J. J. 1.6 10 19 C 4.8 10 10 esu 9.1 10 31 kg 1/2 1.001 0.927 10 23 J/T=0.927 10 20 erg/g 20 1260 α 92 (2011) 40
V. M. S. V. 1 1 O 2 NO *3 H Li Na 2 OH 1 H + O H + H O H 1 OH e + (CH 3 ) 2 CO (CH 3 ) 2 CO (1) D SI Gy *4 1Gy 1kg 1J 1rad *5 1rad= 100 erg/g = 0.01 Gy ev/g ev/cm 3 1Gy= 6.24 10 15 ev/g = 6.24 10 15 ρ ev/cm 3 ρ g/cm 3 *3 cathode anode cation anion *4 Louis Harold Gray *5 radiation absorbed dose 41
, i G i de dn i de 100 ev *6 G i = f (D) G 0 i G i (D) D D 0 G i = dn i de = 1 ρ d(n i /V) d(e/ρv) = 1 ρ dc i dd ρ c i i 10 /100 ev (2) 1. G(-H 2 O) 2. *6 100 ev 1J 1J 2 G /100 ev = 9.68 G μmol/j 3. 100 ev 10 6 10 8 G i dc i /dt c i i /cm 3 G i = dn i /de n i E 100 ev ρ g/cm 3 D ev/g Ḋ ev/(g s) *7 dc i dt = G i Ḋ ρ 100 dc i = G i Ḋ dt ρ 100 1 N A (3) c i dm 3 mol/dm 3 M ρ dm 3 kg kg ev N A = 6 10 23 2 γ 10 ev α β γ 1903 *7 dose rate 92 (2011) 42
V. M. S. V. 1 30 5 8 MeV α 0.1 2 MeV β 40 K 1MeV β 40 K 10 5 1 2.1 2.1.1 α α α 4 2He 2e 4 α 5 8 MeV α 8MeV 1g α 100 cal/h 4 1g 1 α G. 1928 α α α α α α α 2.1.2 β β 0.1 2MeV β β + K 1 α β β β E E + de β E β β 2 β E max β β α α β E max 0.3 3 MeV 3 H β β 18 kev 5.7 kev β E max β β W. 1931 E max 2/3 β 1/3 β 43
, 22 Na 227 Ra 542 kev 1.2 MeV 227 Raβ 0 0.5 1 β MeV 2 22 Na β + 227 Ra β β n p + e + ν e p n + e + + ν e β α β 1934 2.1.3 γ α β γ γ γ γ γ K X 2.1.4 Z 90 Th Pa U m 1 : m 2 2:3 K. A. G. N. 1940 235 92 U 160 MeV 2.1.5 α α α 0.001 2.1.6 α N(t) dt N(t) dn dn N(t) dt dn = λ N(t) dt (4) 92 (2011) 44
V. M. S. V. 1 λ (4) dn/dt = λn N(t) N(t) = N 0 e λt = N 0 e t/τ (5) N 0 t=0 τ=1/λ exp 2 N(t) = N 0 2 t/t 1/2 (6) T 1/2 T 1/2 (5) (6) T 1/2 = ln 2 λ = τ ln 2 0.693τ (7) / g t -1 10 1 0.1 238 U 235 U 0.01-6 -4-2 0 / 10 3 g/t 3 / 2.1.7 235 U 238 U 235 N 0 / 238 N 0 50 238 U 235 U 0.00725 235 U τ 238 = 6.5 10 9 τ 235 = 10 9 1 3 4 3 50 235 U 238 U 1 3 4 10 1 1 0.95 erg 1 1 0.27 erg 1 1 6erg/(t s) = 1.4 10 7 cal/(t s) *8 A = 7.7 10 13 cal/(cm 3 s) 5.5 g/cm 3 Q = 4 3 πr3 A 8 10 14 cal/s (8) R = 6400 km ( ) dt Q = 4πR 2 κ (9) dr κ 0.004 cal/(deg cm s) r=r *8 K. U. Astrofizicheskie Velichini Moskva IL 1960 45
, ( ) dt = AR 0.04 deg/cm (10) dr r=r 3κ 3 10 4 deg/cm 100 R 2 /(6D T ) 3 10 11 D T = 0.006 cm 2 /s h h << R ( ) dt R 4πR 2 κ = A 4πr 2 dr 4πR 2 ha (11) dr R h r=r ( ) dt dr r=r Ah κ (12) 0.0003 deg/cm h 10 km t 10 U g/t α β γ MGy τ 238 = 6.5 10 D α D β D γ α β γ D total D α = 17.38 U (e t/6.5 1) 2.8 Ut D β = 2.28 U (e t/6.5 1) 0.368 Ut D γ = 1.48 U (e t/6.5 1) 0.239 Ut D total = 21.14 U (e t/6.5 1) 3.4 Ut MGy α α β γ 82.2 10.8 7% 232 Th α D α MGy = (2.8 U + 0.8 Th) t U Th g/t t 10 2.1.8 20 1972 0.72% 235 U 0.64% 235 U 0.71 10 9 238 U 4.5 10 9 235 U 30 235 U 2 10 9 0.6 10 6 *9 300 m 3 0.1 MW 400 600 C 2.1.9 1912 *9 235 U 3% 92 (2011) 46
V. M. S. V. 1 90% α 7% 1.2% 1.5%0.3% 10 5 Z > 30 2 /(cm 2 s) 1 1 1 ev/cm 3 3 10 8 1 10 8 ev 10 20 ev 10 10 ev 10 9 ev F(E) F(E)dE E 2.7 de 4 70% 30% 0.1 1% 30 1 4 1 J, 1/(cm 2 s) 0.1 0.01 0.001 0 200 400 600 800 1000 x, g/cm 2 μ ± 4 1 1cm 2 x 1cm 2 x = 1kg/1 cm 2 = 1000 g/1cm 2 2.1.10 5 14 N 14 C n + 14 N 14 C + 1 H 4MeV 5% n + 14 N 12 C + 3 H 14 C 2.2 cm 2 s 1 0.2 cm 2 s 1 14 CO 2 3 HOH 14 C 3 H 5730 12.33 25 47
, 3 He ++ 7 Be + + 14 N + 14 N 14 C + + 14 N 5 14 C 14 N 14 N 14 C 12 C 14 C 3 H 14 C 14 C 14 C 5500 6 2.2 2.2.1 10 15 /(cm 2 s) 100 ev 10 MeV 2MeV 2000 0-2000 -4000-4000 -2000 0 2000 6 14 C M. Astrofizika Visokikh Energii M. Mir 1984 β β 1953 1956 β γ 60 Co 60 Co γ 2.2.2 1931 0.5 5MeV 92 (2011) 48
V. M. S. V. 1 E. 1931 40 kv kv 1MV 100 MeV Moscow Institute of Steel and Alloys 1987 Spin dynamics of the polarized short-lived betaactive nuclei. Beta-NMR spectroscopy ITEP Ph. D. 2005 Positrons in molecular media: theoretical grounds of positron annihilation spectroscopy ITEP National Research Nuclear University MEPhI Vsevolod Mikhailovich Byakov 1954 Lomonosov Moscow State University ESR Institute of Theoretical and Experimental Physics, ITEP 1973 ITEP D. Mendeleev University of Chemical Technology of Russia Sergey Vsevolodovich Stepanov 1983 7 1976 1981 1997 1998 2003 2009 49