17 1 2 1 2 3 1 2 4 5 1 1 2 1 altruism 3 2 2016 1 2013 2 25 27 78
18 No. 79, 2017 2016 The Righteous Mind 3 2 altruisme 1798 1857 1851 Systeme de Politique Positive altruisme 1759 1833 1707 1788 3
19 egoisme altruisme attachment veneration benevolence Dixon 2008, 2 Borchert 2006, altruism 1588 1679 fear of death desire for dominancenasty, brutish, and short bellum omnium contra omnes Fukuyama 2011 1224 1274 1692 1752 1711 1776
20 No. 79, 2017 1724 1804 1723 1790 2007 altruism Roth 1995 altruism Google altruism 160 altruism 2014 L altruistic behavior kin selection Trivers 1971 warm-glow impure altruism Andreoni 1990 19 1805 1859 De la démocratie en Amériqueselfinterest rightly understood, enlightened self-interest
21 4 Tocqueville 1997, 2 8 2 1 2 3 Altruism 1990 2 20 1 : 2 : DNA 20 5 20 MRI PET 4 5 1 1 8
22 No. 79, 2017 6 empathy-altruism hypothesis C 7 J 2009, 4 1 2 emotional responses controlled cognition Greene 2013, Chs. 5 12 2 8 J 2009, 2 1 6J2009 2014 7 8 14 9
23 2 9 altruism 20 -ism 10 1933 Oxford English Dictionary -ism 3 1 agonism, aphorism, baptism, criticism, magnetism, mechanism, organism, etc. 2 Buddhism, Catholicism, conservatism, liberalism, Platonism, etc. 3 Americanism, Anglicism, Hebraism, Latinism, Orientalism, etc. Altruism egoism 2 altruism 2 1 science de l humanité mathematics astronomy physics chemistry biology sociology 9 14 19 10 -ism -ism -ismos -ismos -izein baptizein baptismos baptism Oxford English Dictionary 1933
24 No. 79, 2017 1850 altruism ism ism Fields Physics Physiology Psychology Phenomena Fundamental Interaction Chemical Reaction Mental Function Media Elementary Particles Atoms & Molecules Neuronal Systems EX. of Processes Electromagnetism Metabolism Catabolism & Anabolism Egoism / Altruism ism 11 Altruism altruism altruism 14 1881 3 2 altruism 2 12 2 20 13 40 14 principle -ism communism 3 44 1911 40 altruism 15 altruism 11 capitalism 12 1881, 1884 13 1982 141985 15 2004
25 altruism altruism altruism social instinctsfeeling or heart Comte 1973, 1 16 1 2 2 4 16
26 No. 79, 2017 2013 17 2013 5 1 altruism 2 altruisme Andreoni, J. 1989. Giving with Impure Altruism: Applications to Charity and Ricardian Equivalence. Journal of Political Economy, 97 6, 1447 1458. Borchert, D. M., et al. Eds.. 2006. Encyclopedia of philosophy 2nd. Ed.. MI: Thomson Gale. Comte, A. 1973. System of Positive Polity John Henry Bridges, Trans., Vols. 1 4. New York: Lenox Hill Pub. Dist. Co. Dixon, T. 2008. The Invention of Altruism: Making Moral Meanings in Victorian Britain. New York: Oxford University Press. Fukuyama, F. 2011. The Origins of Political Order: From Prehuman Times to the French Revolution. New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux. Greene, J. 2013. Moral Tribes: Emotion, Reason, and the Gap between Us and Them. New York: The Penguin Press. Preece, W. E., et al. Eds.. 1966. Encyclopedia Britannica. London; Encyclopedia Britannica, Inc. Roth, J. K. 1995. International Encyclopedia of Ethics. Chicago: Salem Press Inc. 17 1 14 8
27 Tocqueville, A. 1997. Democracy in America ASGRP at the University of Virginia, Trans., Vols. 1 2. Document posted to http://xroads.virginia.edu/ HYPER/DETOC/toc_indx.html Trivers, R. L. 1971. The Evolution of Reciprocal Altruism. The Quarterly Review of Biology, 46 1, 35 57. J 2009 : 2013 71 1881 1884 2016 78 2014 altruismsfc 2014 002 2016 78 2007 2004 Vol.37 2013 25 2013 9 3 2013 71 1982 1 Vol. 33 pp. 73 86 1985 11 2014Moral-Science 2.0 : 73