Graduate School of Policy and Management, Doshisha University 167 Donation Booth 2012 11 1994 1998 Donation Booth 1993 1994 1 15 2009 11 2012 11 2 3 4 2011 1 146 1994 32-40 1994 2 2011 27 3500 2003 06 3 2013 13 http://sankei.jp.msn.com/affairs/ news/130313/trl13031313540001-n1.htm 2013 25 2011 26 2013 13 4 http://www.jiji.com/jc/v2?id=20100123ichiro_ozawa/ 2012 12 27
168 5 2012 11 12 6 7 Donation Booth 1948 8 21 9 1994 10 11 20 1994 5 The Asahi Shimbun, Ozawa Denies Any Wrongdoing over Land Deal, http://ajw.asahi.com/article/behind_news/social_affairs/aj201201100056/ (Jan. 10, 2012). 6 24 11 12 LEX/DB 25500352 7 2012 11 13 http://sankei.jp.msn.com/affairs/ news/121113/trl12111300460003-n1.htm 2012 12 21 8 63 2010 23-32 9 279 2003 72-80 74 10 72 11
169 12 21 12 13 14 1992 15 1994 16 17 1,000 12 1994 20 12 2007 18 19 10 2007 19 19 20 12 12 2007 19 29 37 2012 12 26 http://www.soumu.go.jp/ main_content/000153680.pdf 2013 13 18 14 1988 15 26-27 16 2004 15-16 17 No.1154 http://www.nta.go.jp/taxanswer/shotoku/1154.htm 2013 18 31-32 19 31 19 20 1045 1994 43-49 48-49
170 21 1,000 21 2,000 150 22 22 2,000 23 24 25 2005 5,000 22 22 26 21 750 27 22 22 22 1999 28 21 22 150 22 81 21 74 22 76-77 23 20 45 24 12 25 30 26 27 21 31 2009 http://www.soumu.go.jp/ main_content/000174716.pdf 2013 28 29
171 29 30 31 32 12 17 31 32 33 89 34 35 36 29 22 2011 11 30 http://www.soumu.go.jp/ main_content/000136402.pdf 2013 2010 6.3 74 39 30 16 132-136 31 30 30 635 47 56 21 35 568 1014 49 32 100 10 2009 23-27 23 33 2012 12 16 2,434 49 2012 12 http://www.pref.kyoto.jp/kouhou/resources/kouho_2430_2.pdf 2012 12 15 34 189 192 35 32 27 36 76-77
172 194 184 37 38 194 39 142 10 143 14 40 141 41 2009 2005 110 243 42 1994 43 2011 152 8.3 1.7 102 44 45 46 37 100 10 2009-38 32 23 39 100 10 2009 18-22 21-22 40 142 147 35,000 70,000 142 41 142 149 150 164 176 42 22 2011 12 22 http://www.soumu.go.jp/main_content/000140242.pdf 2012 12 2005 2009 2005 2,916 2009 2,806 3.8 2005 2,892 2009 2,649 8.4 43 76 50 60 70 80 44 22 42 2011 16,868,984,793 1,638,050,790 15,230,934,003 16,160,571,728 851,137 825,035,150 1,395,050,000 175,050,000 1,220,000,000 10,263,816,000 45 76 46 100 10 2009-17 14
173 2010 2,908 9000 23 47 341 48 0.9 49 2,117 7000 17 50 55.9 27.4 25.8 51 52 21 184 199 200 22 53 1,000 54 55 56 15 47 80 48 2011 2012 82 49 44 50 82 2010 341 4,874 5,467 33.7 13,174 2,908.9 2,117.7 152.9 65.5 1,940 51 16 187 52 48 60 26.9 23.0 18.6 22.0 53 2009 LOVE JAPAN LOVE JAPAN http://seiji.rakuten.co.jp/contents/help/whatislovejapan/ 2013 Yahoo! http://seiji.yahoo.co.jp/guide/kenkin/ 2013 54 48 72-73 14.0 48.3 2010 12 55 16 16 56 32 27
174 189 12 57 251 58 59 60 61 20 192 40 62 150 1,000 150 20 1,000 63 20 57 37 58 2012 11 13 59 77 60 32 24 27 61 U.S.C. 434 b 62 16 132-136 63 2.2 2.1
175 50 1,000 64 U.S.C. 431 11 CFR 100.53 2012 12 65 66 67 758 1,000 800 9,337 68 65 3,016 1,000 502 702 69 500 70 2009 1316 1290 71 72 207 64 5000 2011 10 65 http://www.s-abe.or.jp/ 2012 12 66 HUNTER Investigative Journalism 2012 10 23 http://hunter-investigate.jp/news/2012/10/post-275.html 2012 12 2010 7,889 5,138 2,434 2,988 9,548 5,407 6,892 7,151 159 769 148 8,299 8,296 9,529 2,910 7,357 1,642 1,634 1,377 3,160 97 4,425 92 1,300 67 12 31 12 19 10 11 30 68 2011 2012 11 30 http://www.soumu.go.jp/senkyo/seiji_s/seijishikin/ contents/121130/1212300059.pdf 2013 69 70 2011 2012 11 30 http://www.soumu.go.jp/senkyo/seiji_s/ seijishikin/contents/121130/2345900013.pdf 2013 71 2009 2010 11 30 http://www.soumu.go.jp/senkyo/seiji_s/ seijishikin/contents/101130/24920014.pdf 2013 2 66 72 http://www.pref.yamaguchi.lg.jp/cms/a10400/kenpou/201211.html 2013 2011 50 24 11 20 50.pdf
176 2012 Donation Booth Donation Booth Donation Booth Donation Booth 73 blind trust 74 Donation Booth 75 76 Donation Booth 77 Donation Booth 15 52 73 Ian Ayres & Jeremy Bulow, The Donation Booth: Mandating Donor Anonymity to Disrupt the Market for Political Influence, 50 Stanford Law Review 837 (1998). 74 Donation Booth Donation Booth 15 2 2014 77 75 14 51 14 30 223 808 24 76 44 23 23 235 553 24 129 77 Ayres, supra n. 73, at 885.
177 78 46 100 79 Donation Booth 80 Donation Booth Donation Booth IT ATM 81 82 83 84 85 1970 86 78 1900 1858 174 No.187 2007 362-363 79 25 11 11 523 80 Ayres, supra n. 73, at 886. 81 Bruce Ackerman & Ian Ayres, Voting with Dollars: A New Paradigm for Campaign Finance 104 (Yale University Press 2002). 82 83 Donation Booth 84 197 198 134 100 227 85 5,000 50 86 45 24 24 635 596
178 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 87 Ayres, supra n. 73, at 854. 200 16,000 1,000 88 89 Ackerman, supra n. 81, at 95. 90 16 196-202 91 U.S.C. 437c a 92 41 65 93 Ackerman, supra n. 81, at 223-231. 94 10 95 Buckley 96 97
179 98 92 142 99 Donation Booth Donation Booth Donation Booth 100 101 Donation Booth 102 103 1974 1992 1997 104 2000 105 Donation Booth 106 98 Ayres, supra n. 73, at 858. 197 99 94 129 138 Joseph M. Birkenstock, Three Can Keep a Secret, If Two of Them Are Dead: A Thought Experiment Around Compelled Public Disclosure of Anonymous Political Expenditures, 27 Journal of Law & Politics 609 (2012) 100 Ackerman, supra n. 81, at 241-246. 7,800 62 4,000 101 Lawrence Lessig, Republic, Lost: How Money Corrupts Congress and a Plan to Stop It 262 (Hachette Book Group 2011). 102 16 37-38 1955 103 Ayres, supra n. 73, at 870-871 nn. 119-123; Birkenstock, supra n. 99, at 2. 1972 1972 Code of Judicial Conduct 10 104 Ackerman, supra n. 81, at 270 n. 32. 105 Political Parties, Elections and Referendums Act 2000 (c. 41), s 57 (available at http://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/2000/41/section/57). Return of donations where donor unidentifiable. 106 Ayres, supra n. 73, at 875.
180 107 1998 Donation Booth Donation Booth 108 109 1994 110 111 112 113 Donation Booth Donation Booth Donation Booth Donation Booth 107Id. at 841. 20 108 UNHRC U.N. Human Rights Comm., Consideration of Reports Submitted by States Parties Under Article 40 of the Covenant: Concluding Observations of the Human Rights Committee 26, U.N. Doc. CCPR/C/JPN/CO/ (Oct. 30, 2008) (available at http://www2.ohchr.org/ english/bodies/hrc/docs/co/ccpr-c-jpn-co.5.doc). 109 Jeanne Cummings, Politico, MoveOn Calls for Boycott of Target, http://www.politico.com/news/stories/0810/41160.html (Aug. 17, 2010). Citizens United 110 16 187 74.2Donation Booth 111 2012 11 19 http://sankei.jp.msn.com/politics/news/121119/ plc12111921520010-n1.htm 2012 12 FNN 2012 33.620.6 7.9 5.9 TPP 2.3 112 Sam Kean, The Chronicle of Philanthropy, Donors Increasingly Make Their Big Gifts Anonymously, Chronicle Analysis Finds, http://philanthropy.com/article/donors-increasingly-make-their/62759/ (Jan. 9, 2008). Donation Booth 113 Lessig, supra n. 101, at 244.
181 Donation Booth Donation Booth 114 115 116 Donation Booth 117 118 Donation Booth 114 115 Ayres, supra n. 73, at 856 n. 71. 116 17 30 117 Ackerman, supra n. 81, at 60. 118 2012 12
182 2,000 1,000 150 750 5,000 http://www.soumu.go.jp/main_content/ 000174716.pdf 22 21 2004 2011 2012 100 10 2009-100 10 2009-17 100 10 2009 18-22 100 10 2009 23-27 279 2003 72-80 1045 1994 43-49 146 1994 32-40 63 2010 23-32 Bruce Ackerman & Ian Ayres, Voting with Dollars: A New Paradigm for Campaign Finance (Yale University Press 2002). Lawrence Lessig, Republic, Lost: How Money Corrupts Congress and a Plan to Stop It (Hachette Book Group 2011). Bruce Ackerman & Ian Ayres, The Secret Refund Booth, 73 University of Chicago Law Review 1107 (2006). Ian Ayres & Jeremy Bulow, The Donation Booth: Mandating Donor Anonymity to Disrupt the Market for Political Infl uence, 50 Stanford Law Review 837 (1998). Joseph M. Birkenstock, Three Can Keep a Secret, If Two of Them Are Dead: A Thought Experiment Around Compelled Public Disclosure of Anonymous Political Expenditures, 27 Journal of Law & Politics 609 (2012).