Report of Special Research from the National Institute for Environmental Studies, Japan NATIONAL INSTITUTE FOR ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES
) V O Cvolatile organic compounds V O C V O C 1940 10 1 1 N Ox V O C V O C V O C V O C V O C 12 V O C V O C P M2.5D E P 100 100 H 10 V O C V O C H 11 J C A P ) H 13 V O C V O C N M H C V O C V O C V O C V O C V O C V O C V O V O C V O C N M V O Cnon methane organic c o m p o u n d s N M H Cnon methane h y d r o c a r b o n N M H C T H Ct o t a l h y d r o c a b o n H C JCAP: Japan Clean Air Program. 1
V O C V O C P R T R V O C V O C V O C V O C V O C 40 V O C 90.9 V O C 82.5 V O C V O C N Ox P M 2
V O C P MN Ox V O C V O C 10% V O C 23.4 25.1t N Ox 26 V O C V O C V O C V O C A 350m B 1,200m A 30 50k m / h A V O C N M H C 40 V O C 1 5% B 3
76k m / h B V O C n- n- 1,3-1- 1-2,2,4-1993 2,3,4-2- -2- V O C B AB 10 40 50 5 +6 0-1 V O C 10 V O C 90 V O C 103 0 1999 4
E P A M o d e l s -3/ C M A Q E P A V O C 1 0 V O C N O S P M V O C 1/300 V O C V O C p p b p p b 20p p b 20 S R I 1 1 V O C 5
1.4 1.5 6
N M V O C V O C V O C P R T R J C A P V O C 50 13 22 V O C P R T R V O C 8
V O C V O C V O C V O C 58 V O C M S D S 10 V O C 9
V O C i i i i v D R M 220 61 36 V O C 11 27 k m 100 k m v 90.9 i 1/3 82.5 i i V O C V O C V O C 10
P R T R V O C N M H C 90.1 7.46 83.4 V O C 2.1.4 J C A P V O C V O C H C H C N M H C N Ox P M H C H C V O C 12 24 10 C O C O 12 C O 70 V O CN Ox V O C 11
20 1 1) H C V O C 1,3 N OxP M V O C V O C t 12
1,3- V O C V O C N OxP M 13
P MN Ox V O C V O C 23.4 25.1 N Ox 26 V O C V O C 14
73,000 40 2) 50,000 102 0 40 15 10 1 0 10 C4C5 15 15
1 0 N M H C 50 1.08k g / kl 1.44k g / 5.82 7.75 13.57 5.6 6.2 11.9 V O C V O C N M V O C 1 0% V O C V O C V O C 1 1 16
A V O C N M H C V O C 14 10 A A 350m 50~1 00m 2,4- - 24 12 10 N M H C 10 V O C1 2 B B 1,200m 1 1 B V i n V o u t T m i x 10 C b g C e x L 85 V O C A 334~2,586 85% 17
1 2 V O C A V O C B 10 A 2-1- 35 343 B m -/p- o - 40 451 1,3- m -/p- o - 46k m / h 19991 59 G u b r i s t m -/p- o - 1,3,5-1,2,4- S t a e h e l i n The Science of the Total Environment 169 141 m - p - 3 0~5 0k m / h A 10 12 V O C 2 9 [ m g v e h -1 k m -1 ] N M H C1 5% 5 6~86k m / h 76 k m / h B 581~4,211 A ~ V O C m- /p- o- 6.8~49% 85 38 18
12 B 10 A 1,3,5-12 B 0.25 <0.0 38 n- n- 1,3-1- 1-2,2,4-2,3,4-2- -2-27 V O C B A, A 10 B 38V O C B AB A A G u b r i s t 12 A, B G u b r i s t A G u b r i s t V O C V O C ~2 4% V O C G u b r i s t 90 k m / h A V O C AB 19
10k m V O C 13 1 4 k m 1 5 G I S : Geographic Information System V O C G I S 2.1.3 2.1.4 2.1.2 G I S 1 3 V O C 20
1 4 V O C 1 5 V O C 21
1993 E P A 10 40 50 1980 50 +6 0 R A D MRegional Acid Deposition 10 M o d e l, U A MUrban Airshed Model 10 90 C M A Q E P A M o d e l s -3/ C M A Q E P A M o d e l s -3/ C M A Q M o d e l s -3/ C M A Q C M A Q E P A 1998 M o d e l s -3 M o d e l s -2M o d e l s -1 C M A Q 24
O N / O F F 16C M A Q - k m C M A Q k m 100k m k m N O x S O x C O N H 1 6 25
C B -4R A D M -2 Sulfate, Nitrate, Ammonium, Primary organic, Anthropogenic secondary organic, Biogenic secondary organic, Elemental carbon, Sea salt, Unspecified 11 anthropogenic, Soil1 0 0.1m 0.12.5m 2.51 0m m o d a l 17 M M5Mesoscale Model Generation 5 R A M S C M A Q Q S S A SMV GEAR RAMS Regional Atmospheric Modeling S y s t e m P P MPiecewise Parabolic Method C B - Bott Scheme 4 R A D M -2 M M5R A M S C B -4 17 N O 2 O 1 D X O 2 X O 2 N N O 3 N 2 O 5 H N O 3 H O 2 T O 2 O 3 H 2 O 2 N H 3 S O 2 A L D 2 C 2 O 3 1 7 C B -4 26
C M A Q M C I P K - t h e o r y 18 1997 C M A Q C M A Q 19961 22 7 1997 31 R A M S 1 8 C M A Q M C I P C M A Q 130 35 4000k m 80k m R A M S5 05 0 C M A Q 484 8 R A M S 18k m 23 - z 47.7, 157.3, 1 9 288.7, 446.5, 635.8, 862.9 m, K u o M e l l e r - Y a m a d a 2.5 L o u i s 12 1 979 2.5 19a E C M W F 20 19b 1 31 4 e-folding time 14 600 5 19c d 19a b C M A Q R A M S 14 P P M CarbonBond 4 C B -4 Q S S A GEIA (Global Emissions Inventory Activity), Akimoto and Narita(1 9 9 4), Piccot et al. (1 9 9 2), 111 4 182 02 42 7 27 27 Murano et al. (1995), Zhao and Wang(1 994) 19 27
1 8 1997 a b c C M A Q 50m / G M T S O 2 40,40,15,5% 20 28
a b c d 1 9 ( a-cc M A Q / 10 / a1 997 120 200G M T b1 997 122 000G M T c1 997 131 400G M T d1 997 140 800G M T 21 C M A Q 50m V O C 18 29
2 0 18 R A M S S O 2 40,40,1 5,5% V O C 22 V O C b V O C p p b V O C p p b 20p p b V O C 22a,b 22a 22b V O C 20 30
2 1 C M A Q 18 p p b. a b 2 2 V O C (a b a V O C 0.001p p m1p p b 31
V O C 1) Akimoto, H. and H. Narita, Distribution of SO 2, NOx and CO 2 emissions from fuel combustion and industrial activities in Asia with 1x 1resolution,Atmos. Environ., 2 8, 2 1 3-2 2 5, 1 9 9 4 2) Louis, J.-F., 1 9 7 9, A parameteric model of vertical eddy fluxes in the atmosphere. Boundary-Layer Meteor., 1 7, 1 8 7-2 0 2 3) Murano, J., S. Hatakeyama, T. Mizuguchi, and N. Kuba, Gridded ammonia fluxes in Japan, Water Air and Soil Pollution, 8 5, 1 9 1 5-1 9 2 0, 1 9 9 5 4) Piccot, S., S.D. Watson, and J.W. Jones, A global inventory of volatile organic compound emissions from anthropogenic sources, J. Geophys. Res., 9 7, D9, 9 8 9 7-9 9 1 2, 1 9 9 2 5) Zhao, D. and A. Wang, Estimation of anthropogenic ammonia emissions in Asai,Atmos. Environ.,2 8,6 8 9-6 9 4, 1 9 9 4 m m m 24 109 0 110 1 2m 10c c m 2 3 U ( Z ) 1/3 1.5m s -1 R b V O C R b =0.7 8 R b =0.2 1 Rb = g H TH - T0/ {T + 273UH 2 } 1 g H TH H T0 T UH H 2 3 32
1 0c m 10c m c m 24 m m C2H62 0% + L / HS N28 0% =1/2 HU HD HU or HD/ HS= m m v w N O 2 S P M 1/300 2 5 N W S E /=1 35m N E S W 30m u 1/300 2 4 2 5 33
26 /=1.02.0 2 7 /=0.5, 2 6 / 3 / =1.02.0 26b,, 2 7 />4 2 7 u 2 8 /=1.01.5 2 6 C n Cn ( C ( q ( U( H ( 34
2 7 2 8 u /=3.0, 4.0 26, 2 9 C n 29 30 3 0 C n 2 9, HD HS 35
2 4 Section S Section C 29 HU 3 1 N O 2 3 0 3 1 150m 25m 1.5m6.5 10.2 20 600 10.2 20 R b0.7 8 R b0.4 3 R b R b-0.2 1 3 1 36
N, SE, S, SSW, NNW S E N W 16 70m S E S W S E 70m N W = S E 35m 3 0m S E N E = S W 30m N W = S E N E = S W 32 30m N E = S W a b 3 3 1.5 c d 70m S E 3 2 ( C n ) S E C n C ( / C s ( / 50m 2 20m U2 37
H >4 0m 32 A 32B 32C H >7 0m 32D H <1 0m 32E H ~3 0m 32F A 15m m 4.5m 1.4 3 3 UVW VW m m 34a ~ c S R I S R I J o h n s o n1 973 34 34a 34d S R I 34bc 38
2.0 1.5 3 4 32 S R I S R I 26 C = q / {AexpB U r } 2 q U r 3 5 S R I r S R I S R K A e x pb 35 AB 3 6L/H = 1, AB R b 3 7 A B B 3 8 Rb = 0.79 39
3 6 L / H R b0.7 9-0.2 1 3 8 S R I L / H R b0.7 9-0.2 1 3 7 AB L / H1.56 3 9 S R I L / H1.5 39 S R I AS T AS S R I L UH 4 0 QS T AB A S T= QS T/LUH QS T= q / C a v Ca q 40
4 0 4 2 4 1 AS T L / H 4 3 41 R b 4 2 HU/ HSHD/ HSHU HD HS 4 3 AS T AS T Ca v 0.10.2 4 4 L AS T 4 5 4 6 4 7 J o h n s o n1 973 S R I 7 A Ca v 41
4 4 L / H Ca v 1.0 4 6 HD/ HS1.02.0 4 5 R b-0.2 10.1 1 4 7 HD/ HS1.2 52.0 S R I B 42
S R I W.B. Johnson, F.L. Ludwig, W.F Dabberdt and R.J. Allen: An urban diffusion simulation model for carbon monoxide. JAPCA 2 3,4 9 0-4 9 8, 1 9 7 3 V O C V O C V O C P R T R V O C 15 V O C 22 V O C 27 V O C V O C V O C 82.5 V O C 43
P R T R 3 5 V O C 22 63 V O C 100 E F P M2.5D E P V O C V O C V O C V O C V O C 103 0 AB A 350m B 1,200m V O C A E F B V O C E F E F n- n- 1,3-1- 1-2,2,4-2,3,4-2- -2- V O C B V O C V O C V O C 44
V O C U r } C p p b U r p p b 20p p b AB AS TQS T LU V O C QS T a v a v L U C = q / {AexpB V O C S R I 45
15m m 4.5m 10 m m C O 2 C O 2 C O 2 V O C 13 P M2.5 D E P P M2.5D E P V O C P M2.5D E P P M2.5D E P V O C V O C P M2.5D E P 70 V O CN Ox P M2.5D E P V O C 46