! "17, 2007 6 NZ 32 30 48 67 # $ / NZ / NZ # $ 1 1996 1997 NISHIMURA Fumiko 93
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100 A I was thinking about doing something tonight Come on come on come on B Are you.5 Um actually.5 B Ah so:rry I already I already have something planned well 4! " 1 A B 1 B 5! " NZ 13 A We want to go to the pub. What do you reckon 1 B U:m no I m a bit tired 6! " 31 A xx B 7! " NZ 5 A I really wanted to go out tonight, eh B Oh I ve actually I m quite busy tonight I ve actually got pilates tonight 8! " 14 A.5.5 B.2 9! " NZ 12 A I was wondering if you wanted to go out tonight B Oh 1 oh no I ve still got assignments and stuff so
101 10! " 17 A B 11! " NZ 1 A We should go out tonight to a pub or something for some drinks.2 B Um.2 um I really kind of wanted a nice night home 12! " 10 A B 13! " NZ 4 A We should go out tonight B Oh yeah u::m I could but I don t really have any money eh NZ 2 4-2 B 32 21 NZ 30 19 A 3 B 14 5 A.2
102 3 B NZ B 7 1 6 4 5 2 2 2 1 1 0 6 0 1 It would be great 0 2 21/32 19/30 B.5.2 A B!B "!A "!B "!A " 7 NZ 1! "! " NZ!are you sure" 15 NZ 6 A Heya what are you up to tonight Oh have you B Oh, I ve got to work on an assignment Yeah it s due in and I ve got to get it done Um Yep absolutely A Oh You ve got to get it done Are you sure A!what are you up to tonight" 7! "! "! " 7 15 are you sure You ve got to get it done B 2005
103!B "!A "! " B! " NZ B 16 NZ 23 A I just want to forget about it tonight feel like going out B A tonight Yeah yeah no What are you doing B Well I m actually going to stay I ll actually go home.2 and um.2 you know just A have some time out. I just really need to be B just have a quiet night at home Yeah You know.2 get to bed early and yep A Um.5 ah 1 okay 2 what about some a couple of xxxx after campus A A B! "! "! "!it would be great"!b great " NZ 3 NZ!B "! " NZ 4-1 NZ! "! "! "! "! "! " 6 A 4 4 3 A NZ
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112! 7 97 112. Beebe, Leslie M., Tomoko Takahashi, and Robin Uliss-Weltz 1990 Pragmatic transfer in ESL refusals. In Scarcella, Robin C., Elaine S. Anderson, and Stephen D. Krashen eds. Developing communicative competence in a second language. Boston, Mass.: Heinle & Heinle Publishers. 55-73. Brown, Penelope and Stephen C. Levinson 1987 Politeness: Some universal in language usage. New York: Cambridge University Press. Gass, Susan M. and Noel Houck 1999 Interlanguage refusals. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter. Goffman, Erving 1971 Relations in public. London: Allen Lane The Penguin Press. Gudykunst, William B. and Tsukasa Nishida 1983 Social penetration in Japanese and American close friendships, Communication yearbook vol. 7. New Brunswick, N.J.: International communication Association, 592-610. Kawate-Mierzejewska, Megumi 2002 The interface of initiations/re-initiations on refusal sequences in conversational discourse, AILA 2002 Abstracts, 135. Mackey, Alison and Susan M. Gass 2005 Second language research: Methodology and design. Mahwah, New Jersey: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. Nelson, Gayle L., Joan Carson, Mahmoud Al Batak, and Waguida El Bakary 2002 Cross-cultural pragmatics: Strategies use in Egyptian Arabic and American English refusal. Applied linguistics vol. 2, no. 2, 163-189. Schiffrin, Deborah 1994 Approaches to discourse. Cambridge, Mass.: Blackwell. Tannen, Deborah 1984 The pragmatics of cross-cultural communication, Applied linguistics vol. 5, no. 2, 189-195. Thomas, Jenny 1983 Cross-cultural pragmatics failure, Applied linguistics vol. 4, no. 2, 91-112. Watanabe, Suwako 1993 Cultural differences in framing: American and Japanese group discussions. In Tannen, Deborah ed. Framing in discourse. NewYork: Oxford University Press. 176-209.