Microsoft Word - 沖縄の海兵隊をめぐる米国の政治過程0331.docx

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1 26

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3 26

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7 3 Marine Air-Ground Task Force: MAGTF 1 3 Marine Expeditionary Force: MEF MAGTF 4 MEF MEF 19, ,000 MEF MEF NHK NHK

8 strategic imperatives budget constraints

9 political viability Special Action Committee on Okinawa: SACO Andrew Yeo, Activists, Alliances, and Anti-U.S. Base Protests, Cambridge University Press,

10 delink 4 26

11

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13 Lyndon Johnson

14 F

15 B GHQ 9 1 2,

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17 F

18 PTA F F F

19 F 絓

20 6 2 2 David Osborn Dean Rusk 5 double disaster Paul Warnke ISA U. Alexis Johnson Clark Clifford JCS 22 Embtel 8921, Tokyo to Secretary of State[SoS], Repercussions of Kyushu University Plane Crash, June 4, 1968, Box 1562, Central Foreign Policy File[CFPF], , Record Group[RG] 59, National Archives, College Park, Maryland[NA]. 23 Embtel 9003, Tokyo to SoS, Storn Signals on US Base Issue, June 6, 1968, Box 1562, CFPF, , RG 59, NA. 24 Embtel 9069, Tokyo to SoS, Build Up of Pressures against Bases, June 8, 1968, Box 1562, CFPF, , RG 59, NA. 25 Memo, Warnke to Clifford, Meeting with Ambassador U. Alexis Johnson June 7, 1968, Box 13, Office of the Secretary of Defense, ISA Subject Decimal Files , RG 330, NA. 26 Ibid

21 political sensitivity (Dwight Beach) (William Westmoreland) Embtel 57, Fukuoka to SoS, June 12, 1968, Box 1562, CFPF, , RG 59, NA. 28 A-1740, Tokyo to DoS, The Japan Socialist Party and US-Japan Relations, July 16, 1968, Box 2249, CFPF, , RG 59, NA. 29 Deptel , DoS to Tokyo and CINCPAC, July 8, 1968, Box 1562, CFPF, , RG 59, NA. 30 Cable 2375, Beach to Westmoreland, Study on Reducing or Eliminating U.S. Bases in Japan, July 11, 1968, The National Security Archive, ed., Japan and the United States: Diplomatic, Security, and Economic Relations, (Ann Arbor: ProQuest Information and Learning, 2000)[NSA], No

22 NPT Cable, Meeting between Ambassador Johnson and Foreign Minister Miki, August 21, 1968, NSA, No Ibid

23 SSC SSC SSC Lawrence Lynn 1 43 Morton Halperin Ibid. 39 Ibid. 40 Ibid. 41 Airgram, From American Embassy to Department of State, Security Sub-Committee Meeting September, 1968, October 29, 1968, p.14, NSA, No Ibid., p Ibid. 44 Ibid., pp SSC

24 (base dispute) Richard Sneider re entry Airgram from American Embassy to Department of State, Discussion of Bases at Security Sub-Committee Meeting, October 1, 1968, Enclosure 1, U.S. Military Bases in Japan, p.4, NSA, No Airgram from American Embassy to Department of State, Discussion of Bases at Security Sub-Committee Meeting, October 1, 1968, Enclosure 2, Policy in Reviewing U.S. Military Base Ploblems in Japan, p.1, NSA, No Ibid. 49 Security Sub-Committee Meeting September 1968, p Ibid. 51 Ibid. 52 Ibid

25 2 4 b John McCain, Jr Seth Mckee Ibid., pp Ibid., p Ibid. 56 Ibid. 57 Ibid USFJ, History of Headquarters USFJ, 1 Jul.- 30 Sep. 1968, pp Cable 54800, CINCPAC to CJCS, Trip of Admiral McCain to Okinawa, Taiwan, Philippines, Saigon, Japan, and Korea, September 8, 1968, NSA, No Embtel 12369, Tokyo to SoS, U.S. Bases in Japan, September 27, 1968, Box 1562, CFPF, , RG 59, NA. 62 Memo, CJCS to SoD, Japan Base Study, November 2, 1968, Box 13, ISA Subject Decimal Files , RG 330, NA. 19 1

26 JCS JCS JCS Earle Wheeler JCS Paul Nitze Alain Enthoven 66 SCC SCC SSC 63 Deptel , DoS to Tokyo and CINCPAC, November 9, 1968, Box 1562, CFPF, , RG 59, NA. 64 Deptel , SoS to CINCPAC, U.S. Bases in Japan, November 9, 1968, NSA, No Japan Base Study, November 2, Enthoven to Warnke, U.S. Bases in Japan, November 6, 1968, Box 13, ISA Subject Decimal Files , RG 330, NA

27 SCC 67 SCC SCC From CINCPAC to General Wheeler, Security Consultative Committee Meeting, 23 December 1968 in Tokyo, December 24, 1968, DNSA. 68 Airgram from American Embassy Tokyo to Department of State, Ninth Meeting of Security Consultative Committee, January 17, 1969, DNSA. 69 Ibid., Enclosure 1, Remarks by Ambassador Johnson, p Ibid. 71 Ibid., p Ibid., pp SCC

28 SCC SCC 18 JCS Ninth Meeting of Security Consultative Committee, p Ibid Embtel 14104, Tokyo to SoS, Itazuke, November 23, 1968, Box 1562, CFPF, , RG 59, NA. 78 Embtel 14779, Tokyo to JCS, Itazuke, December 18, 1968, Box 1562, CFPF, , RG 59, NA

29 OSD JCS ,000 70,000 6,000 60, , ,400 OSD JCS 2478/114-28, Reduction of Overseas Personnel, Nov. 4, 1968, Box 10, Section 11, Joint Secretariat Central File 1968, RG 218, NA. 81 Memo, Enthoven to Secretary of Defense[SoD], U.S. Bases and Forces in Japan and Okinawa, December 2, 1968, The National Security Archive, ed., Japan and the United States: Diplomatic, Security, and Economic Relations, Part : (Ann Arbor: ProQuest Information and Learning, 2012)[NSA ], No. 51; Memo, Morris to Nitze, Military Budget Proposals: Includes Attachments, December 4, 1968, NSA, No Memo, Clifford to Secretaries of the Military Departments (et al.), U.S. Bases and Forces in Japan and Okinawa, December 6, 1968, NSA, No Ibid.,p

30 84 OSD , ,100 7,200 4,800 OSD Dispersed Operating Base: DOB 85 repository 86 3 NCND B B 2, Ibid. 85 Ibid., p Ibid

31 ,844 2, ,086 2 OSD OSD MRBM IRBM MRBM OSD 1, IL IL-28 7 OSD U.S. Bases and Forces in Japan and Okinawa, Ibid., p.1/1. 89 Ibid., p.8/1-8/

32 , , ASW A B B 90 Ibid. 91 Ibid., p.3/2 92 Ibid., p.4/1-4/3. 93 Ibid., p.6/1-6/

33 5, B Dispersed Operating Base A B 95 OSD Ibid., p.6/7. 95 Ibid., p.6/8. 96 Ibid. 27 1

34 caretaker status OSD OSD Ibid., p.11/3. 98 Ibid., p.11/1. 99 Memo, Welsch to CJCS, Report on the Audit of Selected Supply Management Areas, U.S. Marine Corps, 3rd Force Service Regiment, Okinawa, June 21, 1968, Box. 50, Joint Secretariat Central File 1968, RG 218, NA. 100 CINCPAC, CINCPAC Command History 1968, Vol.1, p

35 SCC OSD Richard Nixson 1 20 NSC 2 20 National Security Study Memorandum 9 : NSSM NSC NSSM William Bundy NSC NSC Interdepartmental Group for East Asia NSSM 5 NSC NSC NSSM National Security Decision Memorandum 13: NSDM 13 NSDM NSSM 9 NSSM Response to NSSM 9: Review of the International Situation as of January 20, 1969, January 20, 1969, The National Security Archive, ed., Japan and the United States: Diplomatic, Security, and Economic Relations, Part : (Ann Arbor: ProQuest Information and Learning, 2004)[NSA ], No National Security Study Memorandum 9, Review of the International Situation, January 23, 1969, Nixson Presidential Library&Museum, php. 29 1

36 NSSM 5 NSSM NSC OSD 104 Response to NSSM 9: Review of the International Situation as of January 20, 1969, 105 Ibid., p Ibid., p Ibid., p Henry Kissinger to SoD, Japan Policy, January 21, 1969, NSA, No NSC 1972 NSSM 5 NSC William P. Bundy to Chairman, NSC Review Group, Japan Policy, March 27, 1969, NSA, No Ibid., p

37 NSC OSD OSD Ibid., p Ibid. 114 Memo, From Jeanne W. Davis to Office of the Vice President, Office of the Secretary of State, Office of the Secretary of Defense, Office of the Director of Emergency Preparedness, U.S.- Japanese Relationship: Summary, April 29, 1969, NSA, No Memo, Brown to SoD, U.S. Bases and Forces in Japan and Okinawa, Jan. 10, 1969, NSA, No Memo, From CINCPAC to SoD, 12 June, NSA, No

38 OSD 117 JCS RAND 120 OSD ,000 3, Ibid. 118 CINCPAC, Command History 1969, pp CINCPAC, Command History 1968, p CINCPAC, Command History 1969, p Ibid., p

39 B John H. Chafee , OSD RLT Marine Amphibious Brigade: MAB 3 FSR The 3 rd Force Service Regiment CINCPAC, Command History 1968, p Ibid., p Ibid., p Foreign Relations of the United States, , Vol.34, National Security Policy, , Washington D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, 2011, pp Memo, John H. Chafee to SoD, Post-Project 703 Marine Forces on Okinawa, September 6, 1969, NSA, No Ibid. 33 1

40 3 RLT RLT CH-46 CH-53 A RLT LAAM , Fleet Marine Forces: FMF 8, OSD JCS OSD OSD 3 2, ,580 24, Ibid. 129 Memo, From David Packard to Secretaries of Military Departments, Chairman, Joint Chiefs of Staff, Assistant Secretaries of Defense, US Bases and Forces in Japan, the Ryukyus, the Philippines and Guam, September 5, NSA, No Ibid., p

41 27, ,919 4,800 4,390 4, ,258 1,019 12,466 17, ,990 2, ,735 1,984 13,966 46,196 4,383 41,422 44, ,118 13,006 1,862 12,537 2, , ,461 17,698 1,073 4,147 40,877 3,148 19,145 26,719 89, , , , ,195 28,175 1,412 15,616 28,629 73, ,356 4, , ,897 5,106 12,234 31, ,145 14,049 76, , ,076 US Bases and Forces in Japan, the Ryukyus, the Philippines and Guam, p Ibid. 132 Ibid. 35 1

42 OSD OSD 2,285 19,850 B B 9, ,166 3, B 80 4,790 2, Ibid., pp.2/1-2/ Ibid., pp.3/1-3/ B

43 3 7,135 25,497 3,053 35,685 15,645 7,273 22,918 21,840 1,732 23,572 90,316 90, ,491 US Bases and Forces in Japan, the Ryukyus, the Philippines and Guam, p. 3/ RLT 3 FSR 26 RLT 4,390 3 FSR Ibid., pp.6/1-6/

44 4 9 3FSR 3FSR 2,026 2, ,968 1,562 1,334 2,896 US Bases and Forces in Japan, the Ryukyus, the Philippines and Guam, p. 6/ , , ,498 2,230 OSD OSD OSD Ibid., pp.5/1-5/

45 US Bases and Forces in Japan, the Ryukyus, the Philippines and Guam, p. 5/ RLT CH-46 CH-53 A

46

47 CH-46E CH-53E AH-1W UH-1N 38 UC-12W UC-35D KC-130J 19 Environmental Review for MV-22 Basing in Okinawa and Operating in Japan, April 2012, pp.2-4,

48

49 Jimmy Carter 1 1 PRM/NSC-43 Review of United States Global Military Presence Executive Summary, NLC , Jimmy Carter Library[JCL], Atlanta, Georgea

50 William E. Berry, Jr., The Military Bases and Postwar U.S.- Philippines Relations, Fred Greene ed., The Philippine Bases: Negotiating for the Future, The Council on Foreign Relations, New York, 1988, pp PRM/NSC-43, Review of United States Global Military Presence Executive Summary, NLC , JCL. 5 Ibid

51 Manuel Roxas Paul McNutt Charles Bohlen Felixberto Serrano 9 SEATO NATO William E. Berry, U.S. Bases in the Philippines; The Evolution of the Special Relationship, Westview Press, 1989, pp CT Sandars, America s Overseas Garrisons: The Leasehold Empire, Oxford University Press, 2000, p David Wufel, FilipiNo Politics : Development and Decay, Cornell University Press, ; 45 2

52 William Blair Mauro Menez NATO Ferdinand Marcos Dean Rusk Naecisco Ramos Gerald Ford Henry Kissinger Carlos Romulo Berry, U.S. Base in the Philippine, pp ; The Washington Post, December 15, Berry, U.S. Base in the Philippine, pp

53 Richard Holbrooke PRM/NSC-14, Presidential Review Memorandum: PRM, National Security Council: NSC The Philippines: U.S. Policy during the Marcos Years, , No , January 20, 1977, The National Security Archive: NSA 17 The Philippines: U.S. Policy during the Marcos Years, , No , March 22, 1977, NSA. 18 The Philippines: U.S. Policy during the Marcos Years, , No , June 13, 1977, National Security Archives[NSA]. 47 2

54 PRM/NSC Imelda Marcos Cyrus Vance The Philippines: U.S. Policy during the Marcos Years, , No , April 21, 1977, NSA. 20 Ibid. 21 The Philippines: U.S. Policy during the Marcos Years, , No , April 20, 1977, NSA. 22 The Philippines: U.S. Policy during the Marcos Years, , No , April 21, 1977, NSA

55 Park Chung-hee Thanin Kravichien ASEAN ASEAN Zbigniew Brzezinski Cyrus Vance Malcolm Fraser Scott Kaufman, Plans Unraveled: The Foreign Policy of the Carter Administration, Northern Illinois University Press, 2008, p Memorandum of Conversation, The White House, NLC , JCL. 49 2

56 Lee Kuan Yew Ibid. 26 Ibid. 27 Ibid. 28 Memorandum of Conversation, The White House, NLC , JCL. 29 Kaufman, Plans Unraveled, p Betty Glad, An Outsider in the White House: Jimmy Carter, His Advisors, and The Making of American Foreign Policy, Ithaca, Cornell University, 2009, pp

57 NSC Michel Oksenberg Michel Armacost Memorandum For Zbigniew Brzezinski, Evening Report, NLC , JCL. 32 Memorandum For Zbigniew Brzezinski, Intelligence Items, NLC , JCL. 51 2

58 Walter Mondale PRM Harold Brown 5 36 B52 F Kaufman, Plans Unraveled, p

59 Presidential Review Memorandum: PRM PRM-43 3 PRM-43 ANZUS ASEAN PRM PDM/NSC-43, NLC , JCL. 38 Ibid. 53 2

60 , ,000 62,000 47, Alva M. Brown, Jr., U.S. Facilities in the Philippines, Fred Greene ed., The Philippine Bases, pp Ibid

61

62 41 41 Memorandum for Carl R. Smith Brigadier General, USAF, NLC , JCL

63

64

65 Special Action Committee on Facilities and Areas in Okinawa: SACO SACO Special Action Committee on Okinawa 2 Voice Center for Strategic and International Studies, U.S. Force Posture Strategy in the Asia Pacific Region: An Independent Assessment, 2012; RAND National Defense Institute, Overseas Basing of U.S. Military Forces: An Assessment of Relative Costs and Strategic Benefits,

66 SACO SACO 1 SACO 2 SACO

67 1 SACO , SACO SACO SCC 4 15 William Perry Walter Mondale SACO SACO Bill Clinton 8 SACO SACO 3 SCC SCC

68 SACO , Al Gore 47, , East Asia Strategy Report: EASR 14 Joseph S. Nye, Jr Ambassador Walter F. Mondale, The Association for Diplomatic Studies and Training Foreign Affairs Oral History Project, 2006, Gore Says U.S. Will Keep Troop Strength in Japan at 47,000, New York Times, November 20, 1995, p. A United States Department of Defense, United States security strategy for the East Asia-Pacific Region, Joseph S. Nye, Jr., The Case for Deep Engagement, Foreign Affairs, Vol. 74, No. 4, pp

69 SACO , EASR SACO 15 Joseph S. Nye, Jr., U.S. Presence: Oxygen for Asia, Washington Post, December 8, 1995, p. A Ibid U.S. Department of Defense, U.S. Strategy: Engage China, Not Contain It,

70 Center for Strategic and International Studies: CSIS David Hitchcock 12 U.S. Information Agency Steven Erlanger, As Clinton Visits Changing Asia, Military Concerns Gain Urgency, New York Times, April 15, 1996, p. A Kevin Sullivan and Bradley Graham, Okinawa Retrenchment Plan Signed, Washington Post, December 2, 1996, p. A David Hitchcock, Japan: A Security Treaty Best Suited for Another Era, Los Angeles Times, November 5, 1995,

71 Larry Niksch Congressional Research Service Richard Armitage Japan Policy Research Institute Chalmers Johnson SACO Chalmers Johnson, Go-banken-sama, Go Home, Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists, Vol. 52, No. 4, July-August 1996, pp

72 Brookings Institution Mike Mochizuki Michael O Hanlon Mike Mochizuki and Michael O Hanlon, The Marines Should Come Home: Adapting the U.S.-Japan Alliance to a New Security Era, The Brookings Review, Vol. 14, No. 2, Spring 1996, pp

73 Victor Crulak Jay Joder Marine Expeditionary Unit: MEU 3 6 workup cycle MEU Amphibious Ready Group 1 25 V.H. Krulak, Evaluating Our Overseas Presence, San Diego Union-Tribune, September 27, 1996, pp. B-8, B SS Jay R. Joder, 31 st MEU (SOC): A Staff NCO s Perspective, Marine Corps Gazette, December 1996, pp

74 Battalion Landing Team 31MEU MEU 31MEU MEU MEU MEU MEU Ronald Reagan William Odom Robert Hamilton Teresa Watanabe, Sprucing Up Marines Image in Japan, Los Angeles Times, December 8, 1996,

75 28 James Auer 7 Robert Dobson Michael Hayes Letters: Keep the Marines in Okinawa, The Brookings Review, Vol. 14, No. 3, Summer 1996, pp. 2, Watanabe, Los Angeles Times, December 8,

76 3 2 47,

77 delink 1996 Special Actions Committee on Okinawa: SACO 2005 Futenma Replacement Facility: FRF E

78 SACO

79 budget-driven

80 1996 SACO SACO

81 SACO Bottom-Up Review: BUR 10 BUR East Asia Strategy Report: EASR SACO KC Department of Defense, Report on the Bottom-Up Review, October 1993, pp SACO

82 8 SACO 1 1 Host Nation Support: HNS Newt Gingrich 9 Joseph Prueher HNS 8 Ibid. 9 House Committee on Armed Services, National Defense Authorization Act (NDAA) for Fiscal Year (FY) 1997, Committee Report, May 7, 1996, pp

83 10 Walter Slocomb 50 HNS SACO HNS SACO SACO 12 Kurt Campbell 10 Joseph W. Prueher (Commander in Chief, U.S. Pacific Command), Department of Defense: U.S. Pacific Command, Department of Defense Appropriations for Fiscal Year 1999, Hearing before a Subcommittee of the Committee on Appropriations, United States Senate, 105th Congress, 2nd Session, May 6, Walter B. Slocomb (Under Secretary of Defense for Policy), Tradition and Transformation: U.S. Security Interests in Asia, Hearing before the Subcommittee on Asia and the Pacific of the Committee on International Relations, House of Representatives, 105th Congress, 2nd Session, May 7, Robert C. Reis (Acting Deputy Secretary of State for East Asia and Pacific Affairs), U.S. Japan Bilateral Relations, Hearing before the Asia and the Pacific Subcommittee of the State Foreign Relations Committee, 105th Congress, 1st Session, April 15,

84 SACO 14 SACO SACO Stanley Roth 17 Rust Deming Kurt Campbell (Deputy Assistant Secretary of Defense for Asia and Pacific Affairs), U.S. Japan Bilateral Relations, April 15, Joseph W. Prueher, Department of Defense: U.S. Pacific Command, Department of Defense Appropriations for Fiscal Year 1998, Hearing before a Subcommittee of the Committee on Appropriations, United States Senate, 105th Congress, 1st Session, March 31, Joseph W. Prueher, Department of Defense: U.S. Pacific Command, May 6, Stanley O. Roth (Assistant Secretary of State for Asian and Pacific Affairs), Challenges in U.S.-Asian Policy, Hearing before the Subcommittee on Asia of the Committee on International Relations, House of Representatives, 106th Congress, 1st Session, February 10, Stanley O. Roth, East Asia in 2000: Problems and Prospects in the Year of the Dragon, Hearing before the Subcommittee on East Asian and Pacific Affairs of the Committee on Foreign Relations, United States Senate, 106th Congress, 2nd Session, February 22,

85 18 2 SACO 2+2 Defense Policy Review Initiative: DPRI SACO Dennis Blair SACO 19 SACO SACO FRF Thomas Fargo 18 Rust M. Deming (Acting Principle Deputy Assistant Secretary of State), U.S. Security Concerns in Asia, Hearing before the Subcommittee on Asia and the Pacific of the Committee on International Relations, House of Representatives, 106th Congress, 1st Session, March 8, Dennis C. Blair (U.S. Navy Commander in Chief, U.S. Pacific Command), U.S. Pacific Command Posture, Hearing before the Subcommittee of the Committee on Appropriations, United States Senate, 107th Congress, 2nd Session, April 3,

86 20 DPRI SACO The Commission on Review of the Overseas Military Facility Structure linchpin Thomas B. Fargo (Commander of U.S. Pacific Command, U.S. Navy), Unified and Regional Commanders on their Military Strategy and Operational Requirement, Department of Defense Authorization for Appropriations for Fiscal Year 2004, Hearings before the Committee on Armed Services, United States Senate, 108th Congress, 1st Session, March 13, The Commission on Review of the Overseas Military Facility Structure of the United States, Report to the Congress, May 9, 2005, pp. C&R2,

87 3 III Marine Expeditionary Force: III MEF V

88 8, , SACO SACO

89 Peter Pace Guam Integrated Military Development Plan Department of Defense, Pace Visits Guam to Assess Infrastructure Growth Plans, Department of DoD News Articles, June 2, 2006, 26 Shirley Kan, Guam: U.S. Defense Deployments, Congressional Research Service (CRS) Report, November 26, 2014, pp. 9,

90 Jeff Bingaman 28 Madeleine Bordallo Felix Camacho 27 Walter Pincus, GAO Says Military Expansion Will Tax Guam s Infrastructure, The Washington Post, April 12, 2009, ml. 28 Jeff Bingaman (Senate, New Mexico-D, Chairman of the Senate Committee on Energy and Natural Resources), Military Build-Up on Guam, Hearing before the Committee on Energy and Natural Resources, United States Senate, 110th Congress, 2nd Session, May 1, Madeleine Z. Bordallo (Delegate to Congress from Guam), Military Build-Up on Guam, May 1,

91 30 Robert Gates FRF 8, Quadrennial Defense Review: QDR 2006 QDR 30 Felix P. Camacho (Governor of Guam), Military Build-Up on Guam, May 1, Department of Defense, Gates Views Massive Growth Under Way in Guam, DoD News Article, May 30, 2008, 32 Timothy J. Keating (Commander, U.S. Pacific Command, U. S. Navy), United States Pacific Command, United States Forces-Korea, and United States Special Operations Command, Department of Defense Authorization for Appropriations for Fiscal Year 2008, Hearings before the Committee on Armed Services, United States Senate, 110th Congress, 1st Session, April 24,

92 FRF repositioning 34 FRF FRF James Conway FRF KC Daniel Inouye 34 Timothy J. Keating, United States Pacific Command, United States Forces-Korea, and United States Special Operations Command, April 24, James T. Conway (Commandant, U.S. Marine Corps), Department of Defense: Department of the Navy: Office of the Secretary, Department of Defense Appropriations for Fiscal Year 2009, Hearings before Subcommittee of the Committee on Appropriations, United States Senate, 110th Congress, 2nd Session, March 12,

93 36 37 Joseph Benkert FRF tangible progress 36 Daniel Inouye (Senate, Hawaii-D, Chairman of the Senate Committee on Appropriations) and James T. Conway, Department of Defense: Department of the Navy: Office of the Secretary, March 12, Timothy J. Keating, U.S. Pacific Command and United States Forces Korea, Department of Defense Authorization for Appropriations for Fiscal Year 2009, Hearings before the Committee on Armed Services, United States Senate, 110th Congress, 2nd Session, March 11, Joseph A. Benkert (to be Assistant Secretary of Defense), Nominations of Hon. Nelson M. Ford to be Under Secretary of the Army; Joseph A. Benkert to be Assistant Secretary of Defense for Global Security Affairs; Sean J. Stackley to be Assistant Secretary of the Navy for Research, Development, and Acquisition; and Frederick S. Celec to be Assistant to the Secretary of Defense for Nuclear and Chemical and Biological Defense Programs, Hearing before the Committee on Armed Services, United States Senate, 110th Congress, 2nd Session, June 26,

94 FRF Robert M. Gates, Joint Press Conference with Japanese Defense Minister Toshimi Kitazawa and Secretary of Defense Robert Gates, Department of Defense, News Transcript, October 21, 2009,

95 2009 Dorothy Robyn 41 Michael Schiffer III MEF FRF Dorothy Robyn (Deputy Under Secretary of Defense for Installations and Environment), Fiscal Year 2011 National Defense Authorization Act: Budget Request for Military Construction, Family Housing, Base Closure, Facilities Operation and Maintenance, National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2011 and Oversight of Previously Authorized Programs, Hearing before the Subcommittee on Readiness of the Committee on Armed Services, House of Representatives, 111th Congress, 2nd Session, March 18, R. Michael Schiffer (Deputy Assistant Secretary of Defense for Asia and Pacific Security Affairs, East Asia), Long-Term Readiness Challenges in the Pacific, Hearing before the Subcommittee on Readiness of the Committee on Armed Services, House of Representatives, 112th Congress, 1st Session, March 15,

96 FRF 8,000 FRF 43 Humanitarian Assistance / Disaster Relief: HA/DR capacity building Ibid. 44 Ibid. 45 Randolph D. Alles (U. S. Marine Corps, Director, J-5, Strategic Planning and Policy, U.S. Pacific Command), Long-Term Readiness Challenges in the Pacific, Hearing before the Subcommittee on Readiness, March 15, R. Michael Schiffer, Long-Term Readiness Challenges in the Pacific, March 15,

97 FRF FRF 10 5, Government Accountability Office: GAO Environmental Protection Agency: EPA 47 House of Representatives, NDAA for FY 2010, Conference Report, October 7, 2009, pp Dorothy Robyn, Fiscal Year 2011 National Defense Authorization Act: Budget Request for Military Construction, Family Housing, Base Closure, Facilities Operation and Maintenance, March 18, Bruce Klingner (Senior Research Fellow, The Heritage Foundation), The Expanding U.S.-Korea Alliance, Hearing before the Subcommittee on Asia and the Pacific of the Committee on Foreign Affairs, House of Representatives, 112th Congress, 1st Session, October 26,

98 50 51 FRF 8,000 FRF FRF EPA GAO 52 EPA GAO Government Accountability Office (GAO), Defense Infrastructure: Planning Challenges Could Increase Risks for DOD in Providing Utility Services When Needed to Support the Military Buildup on Guam, Report to Congressional Requesters, GAO , June 2009, 51 House Committee on Armed Services, NDAA for FY 2011, Committee Report, pp. 385, GAO, Defense Infrastructure: Guam Needs Timely Information from DOD to Meet Challenges in Planning and Financing Off-Base Projects and Programs to Support a Larger Military Presence, GAO-10-90R, November 13, 2009, 53 Senate Committee on Armed Services, NDAA for FY 2011, Committee Report, pp

99 Carl Levin , John McCain Jim Webb 55 GAO Carl Levin (Senate, Michigan-D, Chairman of the Senate Armed Services Committee), Department of the Navy, Department of Defense Authorization for Appropriations for Fiscal Year 2012 and the Future Years Defense Program, Hearings before the Committee on Armed Services, United States Senate, 112th Congress, 1st Session, March 8, Senators Levin, McCain, Webb Call for Re-Examination of Military Basing Plans in East Asia: Warn Present Realignment Plans Are Unrealistic, Unworkable, and Unaffordable, John McCain s Web, May 11, 2011, c b38af1. 56 GAO, Military Buildup on Guam: Costs and Challenges in Meeting Construction Timelines, GAO R, June 27, 2011,

100 FRF FRF House of Representatives, NDAA for FY 2012, Conference Report, December 12, 2011, pp ,

101 Defense Strategic Guidance: DSG 58 Defense Budget Priorities and Choices: DBPC 59 Distributed Laydown geographically distributed, operationally resilient, and politically sustainable 60 strategic hub Department of Defense, Sustaining U.S. Global Leadership: Priorities for the 21 st Century Defense, January, 2012, 59 Department of Defense, Defense Budget Priorities and Choices, January 2012, 60 Joseph F. Dunford Jr. (Assistant Commandant, U. S. Marine Corps), The Current Readiness of U. S. Forces, Department of Defense Authorization for Appropriations for Fiscal Year 2013 and the Future Years Defense Program, Hearing before the Committee on Armed Services, United States Senate, 112th Congress, 2nd Session, May 10, Dorothy Robyn, Military Construction, Environmental, and Base Closure Programs, Department of Defense Authorization for Appropriations for Fiscal Year 2013 and the Future Years Defense Program, Subcommittee on Readiness and Management Support of the Committee on Armed Services, United States Senate, 112th Congress, 2nd Session, March 21,

102 , Samuel Locklear 63 2 FRF 64 FRF 62 Ibid. 63 Samuel J. Locklear III (Commander of U.S. Pacific Command, U.S. Navy), Nominations of Adm. Samuel J. Locklear III, U.S. Navy, for Reappointment to the Grade of Admiral and to be Commander, U.S. Pacific Command; and LTG Thomas P. Bostick, USA, for Reappointment to the Grade of Lieutenant General and to be Chief of Engineers / Commanding General, U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Nominations before the Senate Armed Services Committee, 112th Congress, 2nd Session, February 9, Dorothy Robyn, Military Construction, Environmental, and Base Closure Programs, March 21,

103 HADR FRF Carl Levin, U.S. Pacific Command and U.S. Transportation Command, Department of Defense Authorization for Appropriations for Fiscal Year 2013 and the Future Years Defense Program, Hearing before the Committee on Armed Services, United States Senate, 112th Congress, 2nd Session, February 28, John S. McCain III (Senate, Arizona-R), Department of the Navy, Department of Defense Authorization for Appropriations for Fiscal Year 2013 and the Future Years Defense Program, Hearing before the Committee on Armed Services, United States Senate, 112th Congress, 2nd Session, March 15,

104 67 III MEF 2014 DBPC House of Representatives, NDAA for FY 2013, Conference Report, December 18, 2012, pp , Department of Defense, Defense Budget Priorities and Choices: Fiscal Year 2014, April 2013,

105 69 70 FRF 2013 FRF FRF Joseph Y. Yun (Acting Assistant Secretary of State, Bureau of East Asian and Pacific Affairs), Rebalance to Asia II: Security and Defense; Cooperation and Challenges, Hearing before the Subcommittee on East Asian and Pacific Affairs of the Committee on Foreign Relations, United States Senate, 113th Congress, 1st Session, April 25, David F. Helvey (Acting Deputy Assistant Secretary of Defense for East Asia), United States Force Posture in the United States Pacific Command Area of Responsibility, Hearing before the Subcommittee on Readiness of the Committee on Armed Services, House of Representatives, 112th Congress, 2nd Session, August 1, House of Representatives, NDAA for FY 2013, Conference Report, December 18, 2012, p

106 72 reduce SACO SACO

107 HNS David F. Helvey, United States Force Posture in the United States Pacific Command Aria of Responsibility, August 1,

108

109

110 SACO 3 SACO

111

112

113 ANZUS Australia, New Zealand, United States Security Treaty ASEAN Association of South East Asian Nations ASW Anti-Submarine Warfare BUR Bottom-Up Review CINCPAC Commander in Chief, U.S. Pacific Command CJCS Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff CRS Congressional Research Service CSIS Center for Strategic and International Studies DBPC Defense Budget Priorities and Choices DOB Dispersed Operating Base DPRI Defense Policy Review Initiative DSG Defense Strategic Guidance EASR East Asia Strategy Report EPA Environmental Protection Agency FMF Fleet Marine Forces FRF Futenma Replacement Facility FY Fiscal Year GAO Government Accountability Office GHQ General Headquarters HA/DR Humanitarian Assistance / Disaster Relief HNS Host Nation Support IRBM intermediate-range ballistic missile JCS Joint Chiefs of Staff LAAM light anti-aircraft missile MAB Marine Amphibious Brigade MAGTF Marine Air-Ground Task Force MEU Marine Expeditionary Unit MRBM medium-range ballistic missile NATO North Atlantic Treaty Organization NDAA National Defense Authorization Act NPT Non Proliferation Treaty 107

114 NSC National Security Council NSDM National Security Decision Memorandum NSSM National Security Study Memorandum OSD Office of the Secretary of Defense PDM Presidential Directive Memorandum PRM Presidential Review Memorandum QDR Quadrennial Defense Review RLT Regimental Landing Team SACO Special Action Committee on Okinawa SCC Security Consultative Committee SEATO Southeast Asia Treaty Organization SoD Secretary of Defense SoS Secretary of State SSC Security Sub-Committee USFJ United States Forces Japan MEF Marine Expeditionary Force

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