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12 Anderson, K. H. and M. A. Hill, 1983, "Marriage and Labor Market Discrimination in Japan", Southern Economic Journal. 49:4, Becker, G. S., 1974, " A Theory of Marriage", in T. W. Schultz (ed.), Economics of the Family: Marriage, Children, and Human Capital, Chicago, The University of Chicago Press, Bulatao, R. A., and R. D. Lee, 1983, "A Framework for the Study of Fertility Determinants", in R. A. Bulatao and R. D. Lee(eds.), Determinants of Fertility in Developing Countries, Volume 1, New York, Academic Press, Burch, T. K., and B. J. Matthews, 1987, "Household Formation in Developed Societies ", Population and Development Review, 13:3, Carmichael, G., 1988, With This Ring: First Marriage Patterns, Trends and Prospects in Australia, Canberra, Australian National University, and Melbourne, Australian Institute of Family Studies. Chen, K., 1979, "Nuptiality Transition: Population and Economic Cycles", Unpublished Ph.D. dissertation, The University of Wisconsin, Madison. Cherlin, A., 1989, "Marriage, Divorce, Remarriage: From the 1950s to the 1980s", Paper presented at the Annual Meeting of the American Sociological Association, San Francisco, August 9. Dixon, R. B., 1970," The Social and Demographic Determinants of Marital Postponement and Celibacy: A Comparative Study", Unpublished Ph.D. dissertation, University of California, Berkeley. Easterlin, R. A., 1980, Birth and Fortune: The Impact of Numbers on Personal Welfare, New York, Basic Books. Espenshade, T. J., 1985, "Marriage Trends in America: Estimates, Implications, and Underlying Causes", Population and Development Review, 11:2, Fawcett, J. T., 1973, "Psychological Determinants of Nuptiality", in IUSSP, International Population Conference, Liege 1973, Volume 2, Liege, IUSSP, Goldscheider, F. K., and L. J. Waite, 1987, "Nest-Leaving Patterns and the Transition to Marriage for Young Men and Women", Journal of Marriage and the Family, 49: 3,

13 Guttentag, M., and P. F. Secord, 1983, Too Many Women?: The Sex Ratio Question, Beverly Hills, SAGE. Keeley, M., 1977, "The Economics of Family Formation", Economic Inquiry, 15:2, Kojima, H., 1988, "Determinants of Perinuptial Parent Child Coresidence in Japan: An Analytical Framework", Paper presented at the IUSSP/NIRA Seminar on Theories of Family Change, Tokyo, November 29 December 2 (IPP Working Paper, Nọ 3) Mason, K. O., 1987, "The Impact of Women's Social Position on Fertility in Developing Countries". Sociological Forum, 2 : 4, Matsushita, K., 1989, "Economic Analysis of Age at First Marriage", Journal of Population Economic s, 2:2, McDonald, P. F., 1981, "Social Change and Age at Marriage", in IUSSP, International Population Conference, Manila 1981, Volume 1, Liege, IUSSP, Montgomery, M., and J. Trussell, 1986, "Models of Marital Status and Childbearing", in O. Ashenfelter and R. Layard (eds.), Handbook of Labor Economics, Volume I, Amsterdam, Elsevier, Montgomery, M. R., and D. B. Sulak, 1989, "Female First Marriage in East an Southeast Asia: A Kiefer-Neumann Model", Journal of Development Economics, 30: 2, Mosk, C., 1983, Patriarchy and Fertility: Japan and Sweden, , New York, Academic Press. Ogle, W. 1890, "On Marriage-Rates and Marriage-Age, with Special Reference to the Growth of Pop ulation",journal of the Royal Statistical Society, 53:2, Oppenheimer, V. K., 1988, "A Theory of Marriage Timing", American Journal of Sociology, 94:3, -

14 Otani, K., 1987, "Determinants of the Tempo and Quantum of Japanese Cohort Marital Fertility Since the 1960s", Unpublished Ph.D. dissertation, Australian National University, Canberra. Roussel, L., and P. Festy,1979, "Recent Trends in Attitudes and Behaviour Affecting the Family in Council of Europe Member States", Council of Europe Population Studies, No. 4. Rodgers, W. L., and A. Thornton, 1985, "Changing Patterns of First Marriage Demography, 22:2, in the United States", Schmid, J., 1984, "The Backgroud of Recent Fertility Trends in the Member States of the Council of Europe", Council of Europe Population Studies, No. 15. Singly, F. de, 1987, Fortune et infortune de la femme mariee, Paris: PUF. Silver, M., 1966, "Births, Marriages, and Income Fluctuations in the United Kingdom and Japan", Economic Development and Cultural Change, 14:3, Smith, P. C., 1983, "The Impact of Age at Marriage and Proportions Marrying on Fertility", in R. A. Bulatao and R. D. Lee (eds.), Determinants of Fertility in Developing Countries, Volume 2, New York, Academic Press, Sullerot, E., 1984, Le statut matrimonial et ses consequences juridiques, fiscales et sociales (Conseil Economique et Social, Avis et rapport, 31 Janvier 1984), Paris, Direction des Journaux officiels. Sweet, J. A., 1977, "Demography and the Family", in A. Inkeless, J. Coleman and N. Smelser (eds.), Annual Review of Sociology, Vol.3, Palo Alto, Annual Review Inc., Teachman, J. D., K. A. Polnko and J. Scanzoni, 1987, "Demography of the Family", in M. B. Sussman and S. K. Steinmetz (eds.), Handbook of Marriage and the Family, New York, Plenum, Thornton, A., and D. Freedman, 1982, "Changing Attitudes toward Marriage and Single Life", Fami lyplanning Perspectives, 14:6, United Nations, 1988, First Marriage: Patterns and Differentials, New York, United Nations. Voss, P., 1975, "Social Determinants of Age at First Marriage in the United States", Unpublished Ph.D. dissertation, The University of Michigan.

15 What is Happening to the Family? An Inquiry into the Contemporary Japanese Family Takako Sodei Looking back to the past two seminers, the following points stand out: (1) the trend of family changes is not unilineal but multilineal, (2) families which depart from major trends are not deviant but variant, and (3) the nuclear family based on sex role differentiation seems to be losing its vital role through the change from industrial to post-industrial society. Concerning the contemporary Japanese family, some see crisis and others see stability. Such a difference seems to be derived from differences in their perspective. If we look at the national statistics, the general features of the Japanese family are quite stable, because the rates of divorce, of one-parent family, and of illegitimate children are lower than those of most industrial nations. However, if we focus on internal factors seen through case studies, we can easily find tensions and conflicts within the family. We should pay more attention to various aspects of the family which differ from the averages. Contrary to what is widely accepted, today is not a time of family crisis but a time of crisis in family sociology, which has yet to develop suitable theories in the post-industrial society. Determinants of Trends toward Marriage Postponement: A Review of Literature Hiroshi Kojima This study aims to review demographic and sociological literature on determinants of trends toward marriage postponement in developed societies, particularly Japan. First, factors cited by Japanese and Western scholars are compared. Second, three analytical frameworks for nuptiality determinants [Dixon, 1970; UN 1988; and McDonald, 1981] are reviewed, and an integrated one is devised based on them as well as Bulatao and Lee's [1983] analytical framework for fertility determinants and mine [Kojima, 1988] for determinants of perinuptial coresidence of young adults with their parents. It includes three intervening variables (supply of mates, supply of economic resources for marriage, and demand for marriage) which mediate between macro-level demographic, socioeconomic and environmental changes and the marriage market. Based on this new framework, selected theories on determinants of age at marriage are classified. They include the marriage squeeze hypothesis, economic squeeze hypotheses (absolute and relative income hypotheses), the homogeneity hypothesis, value change hypotheses, the living arragement hypothesis, the women's status hypothesis, and economic theories of marital formation. Finally, empirical studies on Japan are reviewed to assess the relevance of each hypothesis to the Japanese society. Each seems to have some relevance, but it is difficult to assess the relative importancs of each because the results of empirical studies are not always consistent.

日本における結婚観の変化―JGSS累積データを用いた分析―

日本における結婚観の変化―JGSS累積データを用いた分析― JGSS 2000-2010 JGSS Changes in Attitudes toward Marriage in Japan: Analyses Using the JGSS Cumulative Data 2000-2010 Sayaka K. SHINOHARA JGSS Research Center Osaka University of Commerce Using the Japanese