Title 言語進化研究の現在 : 生成生物言語学からのアプローチ Author(s) 藤田, 耕司 Citation (2008) Issue Date URL Rightc 2008 Koji Fujita
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1 Title 言語進化研究の現在 : 生成生物言語学からのアプローチ Author(s) 藤田, 耕司 Citation (008) Issue Date URL Rightc 008 Koji Fujita Type Presentation Textversion publisher Kyoto University
2 ( ) Biological evolution Gene Cultural evolution Meme Macro-evolution Micro-evolution 1 "To create is to recombine." (F. Jacob) "... an evolutionary novelty may result from the combination of two pre-existing parts with unrelated functions." (M. Ridley Evolution. rd ed.) "Evolution has recruited for language purposes brain structures that performed other functions in non-human primates." (T. W. Deacon) 4
3 Design Descriptive Adequacy Evolutionary Linguistics (Evolingo) Development Explanatory Adequacy Evolution Evolutionary Adequacy 5 7 Human Nature a mental organ Universal Grammar (UG) ( ) UG (The Third Factor) etc. 6 8
4 言語進化と生物進化 第三要因への注視 言語進化のみが特別な出来事なのではなく 生物進 化の１つのケーススタディとしてヒト型言語の進化 を探る "We want to see how... the forms of living things, and of the parts of living things, can be explained by physical considerations, and to realise that in general no organic forms exist save such as are in conformity with physical and mathematical laws." 言語進化理論は生物進化理論と整合しなければなら ず 衝突するのであれば 少なくとも いずれか一 方が誤っていることになる - D'Arcy W. Thompson 言語進化に基づいて 従来の生物進化理論を改善す ることができる Morphological Transformation
5 Strong Minimalist Thesis (SMT): UG Survival of the Fittest Arrival of the Fittest "... the more varied and intricate the conditions specific to language, the less hope there is for a reasonable account of the evolutionary origins of UG." (N. Chomsky) 1 15 "... even though selection induces motion down a permitted path, the channel itself represents the primary determinant of evolutionary direction." - S. J. Gould "Natural selection can only function within a 'channel' of options afforded by natural law, including properties of complex systems." "It may be that the whole of evolution is shaped by physical processes in a deep sense, yielding many properties that are casually attributed to selection." (Evo-Devo) Evolutionary Developmental Biology - N. Chomsky 14 16
6 Logical Problem of Language Acquisition Logical Problem of Language Evolution UG LPLE Modular Architecture of the Mind "... the MP offers a framework in which both sides of the development of language (=ontogeny and phylogeny) can be essentially equated" (Lorenzo, G., and V. M. Longa. 00. Minimizing the genes for grammar.) "One nice thing about the P&P approach... is that it essentially eliminates... the principled distinction between the initial state and the attained states." (N. Chomsky. 00. On Nature and Language.) Domain-Specificity Informational Encapsulation Autonomous Innate Mandatory Fast Deterministic Neural Localization Idiosyncratic Pathological Breakdown 18 Swiss Army Knife 0
7 Neo-Darwinism Y. Kovas and R. Plomin 006. Generalist genes: implications for the cognitive sciences. Trends in Cognitive Sciences Modern Synthesis (morphogenesis) Adaptationist Program Neo-Neo-Darwinism Pluralism (000.) Punctuated Equilibrium Exaptation / Preadaptation 4
8 Adaptation Natural selection shapes the character for a current use. Aptation A character, previously shaped by natural selection for a particular function, is coopted for a new one. (Preadaptation) Exaptation A character whose origin cannot be ascribed to the direct action of natural selection (a non-adaptation) is co-opted for a current use. 5 7 Original Function and Current Utility "The predominant uses of language today are probably quite different from the critical uses that brought it into existence in the first place." (T. W. Deacon) 6 8
9 1, I like *me / myself. You like *you / yourself. He likes him / himself. He thinks [ that he / *himself is intelligent ]. He thinks [ that Mary likes him / *himself ]. 9 1 John likes himself. John likes him. / 1, ModE, Russian yes yes OE no no French yes no (none) no yes B. Comrie. 00. On explaining language universals. In: M. Tomasello ed. The New Psychology of Language. FLB: (SM-system) (CI-system), etc. FLN: (Recursion, Recursiveness) M. D. Hauser, N. Chomsky & W. T. Fitch. 00. The faculty of language: What is it, who has it, and how did it evolve? 0
![dog [ CP [ DP the girl [ CP the boy loves ]] owns ]] hates ]] likes ]] 5 [[[[[ student ] film ]](/docs-images/95/126458776/images/10-3.jpg "committee ] program ] office ] [[[[ Mary's father's ] brother's ] friend's ] house ] cf.")
10 [ CP [ IP John [ VP thinks [ CP that [ IP Mary [ VP thinks [ CP that [ IP Bill [ VP thinks [ CP that [ IP Jane [ VP sings well ]]]]]]]]]]]]. [ DP the boy [ CP who loves [ DP the girl [ CP who owns [ DP the dog [ CP which hates [ DP the cat [ CP which likes [ DP the mouse ]]]]]]]]] [ DP the mouse [ CP [ DP the cat [ CP [ DP the dog [ CP [ DP the girl [ CP the boy loves ]] owns ]] hates ]] likes ]] 5 [[[[[ student ] film ] committee ] program ] office ] [[[[ Mary's father's ] brother's ] friend's ] house ] cf. "If future empirical progress demonstrates that FLN represents an empty set, so be it." (W. T. Fitch, M. D. Hauser & N. Chomsky 005. The evolution of the language faculty: Clarification and implications.) P-PP [ PP from [ PP behind the curtain ]] 4 6
11 連続動詞 Serial Verbs Ozó ghá suà akhé dè. (Edo) Ozo will push pot fall vp Subj v VP1 Obj 複雑述語 Complex Predicates V1 VP V pro 花子がパソコンを叩き壊した 'Ozo will push-fall the pot' 次郎がドアを蹴破った 7 9 句構造規則 Phrase Structure Rules: S! NP VP VP! V S... Xバー理論 X-bar Theory: YP R. Tincoff and M. D. Hauser. Cognitive basis for language evolution in nonhuman primates. 8 XP X' X ZP 40
12 Bare Phrase Structure Theory: the the book book on on the the desk Merge : Merge (",#) = {",#} Binary Symmetric Unbounded Pirahã: D. L. Everett Cultural constraints on grammar and cognition in Pirahã. UG Immediacy of Experience Principle 41 4 (unbounded Merge) " unbounded Merge is not only a genetically determined property of language, but also unique to it." (N. Chomsky) Representational Recursiveness: ti gái -sai kó'oi hi kaháp -ií I say-old.info Kó'oi he leave intention 'I say. Kó'oi will leave.' (parataxis) (hi) 'oba'axa'i' (hi) kahai'-kai -sai he sees well he arrow-makes-old.info 'He is really smart. He makes arrows well.' Derivational Recursiveness: 4 44
13 Pirahã derivational recursiveness(unbounded Merge) representational recursiveness "... it would mean that the speakers of this language aren't making use of a capacity that they surely have, a normal situation; plenty of people throughout history would drown if they fall into water. Nothing much follows except for a question as to why they haven't made use of these capacities." (N. Chomsky, from Radical Anthropology Issue ) Instantaneous Model of Language Evolution Pre-existing Capacities + + Unbounded Merge Third Factor Instantaneous Model of Language Acquisition Human Language UG PLD I-Language Merge Unbounded Merge Merge Merge (A,B) = {A,B} A B " for both evolution and development, there seems to be little reason to suppose that there were precursors to unbounded Merge." (N. Chomsky) (label) A B A B or A B {A,{A,B}} {B,{A,B}} 46 48
14 Embed N. Fukui Merge and/or Embed. Merge (A,B) = {A,B} Embed (A,{A,B}) = {A,{A,B}} Embed (B,{A,B}) = {B,{A,B}} Merge A B A B A B A B Endocentricity Projection Local Embed A C A A B Nonlocal Embed B C A A B! Exocentricity milk cup (or ) cup * & milk cup milk cup [ ] cf. [[ ] ] 4 % Merge+Embed 50 5
15 Merge = Move = Embed Move = Internal Merge Merge (B,{C,{A,B}}) = {B,{C,{A,B}}} nonlocal Embed Embed (B,{C,{A,B}}) = {B,{C,{A,B}}} cf. "projection = chain" B C A B B C A B ToM etc Merge / Move / Embed Merge / Move Labeling Descent with modification 54 56
16 Action Grammar II. Pot Method P. Greenfield Language, tools, and brain: The ontogeny and phylogeny of hierarchically organized sequential behavior. BBS 14. Pairing method Pot method Subassembly method I. Pairing Method Merge (saw, Mary) = {saw, Mary} Merge (John, {saw, Mary}) = {John, {saw, Mary}} John saw Mary 58 60
17 Merge (saw, Mary) = {saw, Mary} Merge (the, boy) = {the, boy} Merge ({the, boy}, {saw, Mary}) = {{the, boy}, {saw, Mary}} 5 # the boy saw Mary N. Tokimoto and K. Okanoya: Spontaneous construction of Chinese boxes by Degus (Octodon degu): A rudiment of recursive intelligence? Japanese Psychological Research 46 (004) III. Subassembly Method Pot Method Subassembly Method 6 64
18 English: child club book club child book Merge Swedish: * barn klub bok klub barn bok Phase = derivational chunk T. Roeper & W. Snyder Language learnability and the forms of recursion. In: A.M.D. Sciullo ed. UG and External Systems: Language, Brain and Computation. 65 Phase Impenetrability Condition: Once formed, chunks cannot be unpacked. 67 : FLB or FLN? Pot Merge: Merge (A,B): A attracts B, forming {A,B}=A. Merge (A,C): A attracts C, forming {{A,B},C}=A. Subassembly Merge: Merge (A,B): A attracts B, forming {A,B}=A. Merge (A,C): C attracts A, forming {{A,B},C}=C
![again(i) ] 69 71 Syntax-CI Interface ".](/docs-images/95/126458776/images/19-2.jpg ".. the work often called 'natural-language semantics' and 'lexical semantics'.")
19 Anti-Lexicalism FLN(Merge) FLB(concept/sound) John opened the door again. i. repetitive reading ii. restitutive reading VP1 again(i) John V1 VP again(ii) CAUSE the door V OPEN ( Lexical Decomposition) CS: [ John CAUSE [ the door OPEN again(ii) ] again(i) ] Syntax-CI Interface "... the work often called 'natural-language semantics' and 'lexical semantics'... can be regarded as part of syntax,..." (N. Chomsky New Horizons in the Study of Language and Mind.) John gave Mary an apple. : [ John CAUSE [ Mary HAVE an apple ]] : [ John V1=CAUSE [ Mary V=HAVE an apple ]] Distributed Morphology! 70 7
20 Flat VP: ('Simpler Syntax') S John VP egi gave Mary an apple Layered VP: VP1 John V1 VP Mary V an apple Merge Subassembly Merge chunking ( ) (lexical integrity PIC ) 7 75 Flat VP SM-system = Merge Merge Layered VP (binary Merge) CI-system = CAUSE (;0.4)! HAVE (;0.7)! Double Obj verbs (;1.6) > GO (;4.0)! Dative Obj verbs (;4.9) J. Viau 006. Give = CAUSE + HAVE/GO: Evidence for early semantic decomposition of dative verbs in English child corpora. BUCLD
21 "No verb is an island." (cf. M. Tomasello s Verb Island Hypothesis) "Children start to use Merge already with their very first word combinations." (Proto-language) (holistic) (synthetic) A. Ninio Language and the Learning Curve Possible Scenario (Descent with Modification) Domain-General Semi-Recursive Capacity "In the beginning was the word." "In the beginning was the sentence." Pre-SM System Bounded Merge Pre-CI System (J. Bronowski A Sense of the Future.) In the beginning was Merge. SM System Unbounded Merge CI System 78 80
22 回帰: 心のモジュールの生成装置 Morality Theory of Mind Words & Sentences Religion Music Recursion To create is to Merge. Concepts Thank you. Number 81 むすびと展望 言語進化は生物進化の一例であり 生成生物言語学は言語のみな らず進化研究一般に対して問題提起 検証 貢献を行うことがで きる ミニマリスト プログラムは言語学のエボ デボ化を推進する 言語の進化研究と発達研究は相互に依存しており また記述的研 究の重要さもさらに増す 言語の起源 進化はMerge 特にSubassembly型Mergeの起源 進 化に集約される シンタクス インターフェイス レキシコンを 含む その前駆体としてはAction Grammarを想定できる 8 8
1,2 3 I like *me / myself. You like *you / yourself. He likes him / himself. He thinks [ that he / *himself is intelligent ]. He thinks [ that Mary li
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/ John likes himself. John likes him. 3 1,2 ModE, Russian yes yes OE no no French yes no (none) no yes B. Comrie. 2003. On explaining language universals. In: M. Tomasello ed. The New Psychology of Language.
( ) ( ) (action chain) (Langacker 1991) ( 1993: 46) (x y ) x y LCS (2) [x ACT-ON y] CAUSE [BECOME [y BE BROKEN]] (1999: 215) (1) (1) (3) a. * b. * (4)
![( ) ( ) (action chain) (Langacker 1991) ( 1993: 46) (x y ) x y LCS (2) [x ACT-ON y] CAUSE [BECOME [y BE BROKEN]] (1999: 215) (1) (1) (3) a. * b. * (4)](/thumbs/40/20534161.jpg "( ) ( ) (action chain) (Langacker 1991) ( 1993: 46) (x y ) x y LCS (2) [x ACT-ON y] CAUSE [BECOME [y BE BROKEN]] (1999: 215) (1) (1) (3) a. * b. * (4)")
1 1 (lexical conceptual structure, LCS) 2 LCS 3 4 LCS 5 6 2 LCS (1999) LCS 2 (1) [x ACT(-ON y)] CAUSE [BECOME [z BE-AT w]] 1 (1993) ( ) V1 V2 2 (1) y z y z (5.3 ) ( ) ( ) (action chain) (Langacker 1991)
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