The Ecological Society of Japan (Japanese Journal of Conservation Ecology) 20 : (2015) 4 * Predation impacts of four invasive frogs in Hokkaido,

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1 (Japanese Journal of Conservation Ecology) 20 : (2015) 4 * Predation impacts of four invasive frogs in Hokkaido, Japan, assessed by an index of relative importance Miho Sarashina and Tsuyoshi Yoshida* Laboratory of Wildlife Management, Rakuno Gakuen University Abstract: We assessed the effects of predation by four alien frogs in Hokkaido, Japan, by examining their diet composition based on an index with broad utility in studies of anuran food habits. Bufo japonicus formosus and Glandirana rugosa preyed on various above-ground insects, while B. japonicus formosus, Pelophylax nigromaculatus, and P. porosus preyed on frogs. Therefore, the potential impacts of invasion and competition on both native frogs and the unique ecological pyramid of Hokkaido are of concern. We found that three of the alien frogs preyed on rare species, while one preyed on other introduced species such as Bombus terrestris. The distributions of Bufo japonicus formosus, P. nigromaculatus, and P. porosus have increased, raising concerns about the impacts on their prey. P. nigromaculatus and P. porosus, which inhabit paddy fields, might also have major impacts on local wetland ecosystems. Keywords: alien species, predation impact, rare species toc4_amphibians.html * Laboratory of Wildlife Management, Rakuno Gakuen University, Midorimachi 582, Bunkyodai, Ebetsu-shi, Hokkaido , Japan yoshi-ty@rakuno.ac.jp

2 Lithobates catesbeianus Kiesecker and Blaustein 1998 Wu et al Wang et al Jancowski and Orchard 2013 Bufo marinus Hinckley 1963 Evans and Lampo 1996 Grant 1996 Litoria aurea Pascal et al Eleutherodactylus coqui 1 ha 114,000 Stewart and Woolbright 1996 Hirai Kidera et al Rana pirica Hyla japonica 2 5 B. japonicus formosus Pelophylax nigromaculatus P. porosus Glandirana rugosa 2002a Maret et al Bury and Whelan 1985 IUCN 100 Hirai B. vulgaris hokkoidoensis 2002a IUCN b Index of relative importance: IRI 4 カエルの捕獲 km A 43 16

国内外来カエル図 1 カエルを捕獲した代表的な調査地の風景 A 深川市音江町の民家の庭先 B 南幌町にある水田の草の生い茂った水路 C 札幌市平岡公園の人工湿地 D 道立自然公園野幌森林公園にある瑞穂の池度 04 分東経 141 度 36 分札幌市の平岡公園北緯岩見沢市農産物消費拡大協議会岩見沢市 http:// 43 度 00 分東経 141 度 28 分にて捕獲を実施した

3 国内外来カエル図 1 カエルを捕獲した代表的な調査地の風景 A 深川市音江町の民家の庭先 B 南幌町にある水田の草の生い茂った水路 C 札幌市平岡公園の人工湿地 D 道立自然公園野幌森林公園にある瑞穂の池度 04 分東経 141 度 36 分札幌市の平岡公園北緯岩見沢市農産物消費拡大協議会岩見沢市 43 度 00 分東経 141 度 28 分にて捕獲を実施した南幌町は夕張川千歳川に囲まれた総面積 8,149 ha の町 nanatsuboshi.html 2013 年 1 月 15 日確認岩見沢市でであり岩見沢市に隣接する総面積のおよそ 70 がは 1990 年に初めてトウキョウダルマガエルが捕獲され耕地でありそのうち 30 が水田となっている南幌たことから導入年はそれ以前と推測される斎藤町 2011 岩見沢市以外にも北広島市長沼市などと隣 2002a 捕獲はトウキョウダルマガエルの生息が多く確接しており周辺一帯は大規模な水田地帯となっている認されている草の茂った水田の水路周辺にて実施した南幌町にトノサマガエルが生息するようになった年代はツチガエルは深川市音江町北緯 43 度 41 分東経不明であるが 1989 年には隣接する北広島市での生息が 142 度 04 分道立自然公園野幌森林公園北緯 43 度確認されている竹中 1997 南幌町での捕獲は千歳川 03 分東経 141 度 29 分札幌市の平岡公園北緯 43 付近の水田の草の茂った水路周辺にて実施した図度 00 分東経 141 度 28 分にて捕獲を実施した野幌 1-B 札幌市清田区に位置する平岡公園ではトノサマガ森林公園は札幌市江別市北広島市の 3 市にまたがるエルは湿地が造成された 2000 年より以前から生息が確野幌丘陵に位置する面積 2,053 ha の道立自然公園であ認されている平岡公園での捕獲は人工湿地と隣接するる公園内においてツチガエルは 2000 年までは確認さ池にて実施した図 1-C れておらず村野年に初めて確認された堀トウキョウダルマガエルは岩見沢市の水田地帯の一水島 2002 捕獲は公園内にあるため池の中で最大の瑞穂の池にて実施した図 1-D 角北緯 43 度 09 分東経 141 度 41 分にて捕獲を実施した岩見沢市は空知管内に位置する総面積 48,110 捕獲は夜間に素手により実施し捕獲した個体はノギ ha の市である市の東には夕張山地西には石狩川流スにより 0.1 mm 単位で体長を計測した前田松井域の低地帯が広がっており耕地面積のおよそ 40 を 1989 を参考に性的二型と体長から雌雄を判別した後水稲が占め北海道で最大の作付面積と収穫量を誇る強制嘔吐法にて胃内容物を採集し 70 のエタノール溶 17

4 胃内容物の構成割合 mm BL BW V=4/3 (BL/2)(BW/2) 2 V Magnusson et al 胃重要度指数割合の比較 IRI IRI=(N%+V%) F% F% N% V% Pinkas et al Hart et al. 2003Dadebo et at Melak and Getahun 2012 Ravi and Sekar 2012 Abdellaoui et al Hirai 2004 Kidera et al Maneyro et al Brito et al López et al カエルの捕獲 1,788 1, 胃内容物の構成割合 1 4 N% F% V% IRI% N% 68.3 F% Euhadra brandtii sapporo 18

5 1 4 N=6,501 / F=260 / V=271,633.6mm 3 N=6,411 / F=629 / V=766,830.2mm 3 N=2,473 / F=322 / V=144,896.1mm 3 N=2,362 / F=195 / V=58,885.1mm 3 N% F% V% IRI% N% F% V% IRI% N% F% V% IRI% N% F% V% IRI% N F VN% F% V%IRI% 19

6 Chrysolina yezoensis F% 52.5 N% 23.4 F% 53.3 N% 12.2 F% 47.2 N% Radix auricularia japonica Ilybius apicalis Cybister japonicus Appasus major Physa acuta Bombus terrestris N% 37.9 F% N% 82.2 F% Aromia moschata orientalis 胃重要度指数割合の比較

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11 A S - - B G G S - G G G G F F S F S - - G - F S F F F F - - F F F - F F F F F F F F - - F - - F - F - S S S S F - S F F - - S F G F A S - B G G G S - S - - S S

12 S S - - S G - - G - - F F G G G F - - G - - F - - F F F F F - - G - - F - - F F F F G F G F F - - F F - - F F F F G - - G - - F - F G F F F F G F G G - S G SGF 26

Table 1. Number and stundard length of smallmouth bass examined in the study

Table 1. Number and stundard length of smallmouth bass examined in the study Taiga Yodo* and Kei'ichiro Iguchi. 2003. Feeding habits of introduced smallmouth bass in Lakes Aoki and Nojiri, Japan. Japan. J. Ichthyol., 50(1): 47-54. Abstract To elucidate the feeding habits of smallmouth