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1 msec msec msec volume con duction Volume_conduction fmri PET 1 19 Broca 1 Wernicke 2

38 40 1 1 PT pure tone AM AM Okamoto et al.

2 PT pure tone AM AM Okamoto et al., Cereb Cortex, temporal processing spectral processing spectral processing temporal processing 7 9 spectral changetemporal change 100 msec N1m Hz, 2,000 Hz 40 Hz 4 spectral change temporal change Low 2,800 4,000 Hz High 4,000 5,600 Hz 1 Okamoto et al., Cereb Cortex, 2009 spectral change temporal change spectral change N1m temporal change 11 N1m temporal information temporal processing fmri

3 39 signal-to-noise ratio S/N 12 3 auditory steady state response ASSR 100 msec N1m sustained field SF ASSR N1m SF 3 S/N 3 ASSR S/N SF S/N N1m S/N 3 S/N x 4 S/N y S/N populationlevel ,000 Hz 1,000 Hz 20, 40, 80, 160 Hz 1,000 Hz N1m N1m

40 40 1 4 a Gain Sharpening b Okamoto et al.

4 a Gain Sharpening b Okamoto et al., J Neurosci, 2007 N1m N1m 5 constant sequencing random sequencing 1/4, 1/2, 1 critical band CB constant sequencing random sequencing Okamoto et al., BMC Neurosci, N1m 5 N1m N1m

5 target ASSR N1m placebo control

6 42 3 target, placebo, control target 1 placebo control target placebo 2 auditory steady state response ASSR N1m target 7 plecebo control population-level Exposed Control populationlevel Focused Listening Distracted ListeningExposed Okamoto et al., PLoS ONE, 2011 signal-tonoise S/N A

7 1 Broca P: Remarques sur le siege de la faculte du langage articule suivies dune observation daphemie perte de la parole. Bull Soc Anat Paris 6: , Wernicke C: Symptomenkomplex. Eine psychologische Studie auf anatomischer Basis. Cohn und Weigert, Breslau, Belin P, Zilbovicius M, Crozier S, et al: Lateralization of speech and auditory temporal processing. J Cogn Neurosci 10: , Zatorre RJ, Belin P: Spectral and temporal processing in human auditory cortex. Cereb Cortex 11: , Zatorre RJ, Gandour JT: Neural specializations for speech and pitch: moving beyond the dichotomies. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 363: , Poeppel D: The analysis of speech in different temporal integration windows: cerebral lateralization as asymmetric sampling in time. Speech Communication 41: , Seldon HL: Structure of human auditory cortex. I. Cytoarchitec tonics and dendritic distributions. Brain Res 229: , Seldon HL: Structure of human auditory cortex. II. Axon distributions and morphological correlates of speech perception. Brain Res 229: , Seldon HL: Structure of human auditory cortex. III. Statistical analysis of dendritic trees. Brain Res 249: , Okamoto H, Stracke H, Draganova R, et al: Hemispheric asymmetry of auditory evoked fields elicited by spectral versus temporal stimulus change. Cereb Cortex 19: , Okamoto H, Stracke H, Ross B, et al: Left hemispheric dominance during auditory processing in noisy environment. BMC Biol 5: e52, Okamoto H, Stracke H, Bermudez P, et al: Sound processing hierarchy within human auditory cortex. J Cogn Neurosci 23: , Sams M, Salmelin R: Evidence of sharp frequency tuning in the human auditory cortex. Hear Res 75: 67 74, Okamoto H, Stracke H, Wolters CH, et al: Attention improves population-level frequency tuning in human auditory cortex. J Neurosci 27: , Okamoto H, Stracke H, Zwitserlood P, et al: Frequency-specific modulation of population-level frequency tuning in human auditory cortex. BMC Neurosci 10: e1, Okamoto H, Stracke H, Stoll W, et al: Listening to tailor-made notched music reduces tinnitus loudness and tinnitus-related auditory cortex activity. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 107: , Stracke H, Okamoto H, Pantev C: Customized notched music training reduces tinnitus loudness. Commun Integr Biol 3: , Eggermont JJ: Pathophysiology of tinnitus. Prog Brain Res 166: 19 35, Okamoto H, Teismann H, Kakigi R, et al: Broadened populationlevel frequency tuning in human auditory cortex of portable music player users. PLoS ONE 6: e17022, 2011.

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