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77 1 A. A. Berle and G. C. Means, The Modern Corporation and Private Property, J. Scott, Control through a Constellation of Interests: Notes towards a Definition, 1979, pp pp pp pp p pp

78 1996 pp pp p

79 2005 pp pp pp

80 Aoki, Masahiko, Controlling Insider Control: Issues of Corporate Governance in Transition Economies, in Corporate Governance in Transitional Economics Insider Control and the Role of Banks, edited by Masahiko Aoki, Hyungki Kim, The World Bank, Arrow, Kenneth J, The Economics of Agency, in Principles and Agents: The Structure of Business, Boston, 1985, pp Blair, M., Ownership and Control: Rethinking Corporate Governance for the 21 Century, The Brookings Institute, Boycko, M., and A. Shleifer, R. Vishny, A Theory of Privatization, The Economic Journal, 106, 1996, pp Coase, R. H., The Firm, The Market and The Law, Uni. Chi. Press, Herman, E. S., Corporate Control, Corporate Power, Cambridge University Press, 1981, pp Scott. J., Capitalist Property and Financial Power, Hachison, 1986, pp Tirole. J., Corporate Governance, Econometrica 69, 2001, 135. Grossman, S., Hart, O., The Costs and Benefits of Ownership: A Theory of Vertical and Lateral Integration, Journal of Political Economy, 94, 1986, pp Hart, O., Firms Contracts and Financial Structure, Oxford: Oxford University Press,

81 pp / CalPERS 1,

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83 BRICs OTC OTC BRICS Building Better Global Economic BRICs 2001 GS WTI ,

84 LME , ETF LME OTC OTC OTC OTC OTC OTC Over The Counter the Bank for International Settlements OTC

85 OTC OTC p. 56, 3 MURC 1 OTC WTI 3 81

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91 LightSweetCrudeOilFutures Nymex 121,525,967 71,053, BrentCrudeOilFutures ICEFuturesEurope 59,728,941 44,345, WTICrudeOilFutures ICEFuturesEurope 51,388,362 28,672, EuropeanStyleNaturalGasOptions NymexClearport 29,921,068 19,515, NaturalGasFutures Nymex 29,786,318 23,029, LightSweetCrudeOilOptionsonFutures Nymex 28,398,793 21,016, GasOilFutures ICEFuturesEurope 24,509,884 18,289, NYHarborRBOBGasolineFutures Nymex 19,79 l,439 3,883, No.2HeatingOilFutures Nymex 18,078,976 13,990, HenryHubSwapFutures NymexClearport 16,207,044 24,157, CrudeOilFutues MCX 13,938,813 4,466, FuelOilFutures SHFE 12,005,094 12,734, HenryHubPenultimateSwapFutures NymexClearport 10,117,889 7,973, GasolineFutures Tocom 7,529,706 12,932, minycrudeoilfutures Nymex 5,185,214 9,323, NaturalGasOptionsonFutures Nymex 5,051,879 9,581, GasolineFutures C-Com 3,635,329 4,953, KeroseneFutures C-Com 2,685,345 4,027, KeroseneFutures Tocom 2,350,819 4,492, EuropeanStyleCrudeOilOptions NymexClearport 1,879, , Tradedprimarilyoff-exchange Galen Burghardt, Volume Surges Again: Global Futures and Options Trading Rises 28 in 2007, FIMagazine, p. 16, March/April

92 IT 2 21 derivative

93 Bloomberg NYMEX

94 Harrison, Kreps, Pliska forward 90

95 BIS signaling, market signaling screening, market screening FRB TB CDS

96 , p OPEC FT OPEC FT 92

97 7 NYMEX WTI ICE TAPIS/APP t t BAF

98 ,400 1,

99 OTC NYMEX 8 GS The Goldman Sachs Group, Inc. GS e 2007 GS NY/WTI ,000 S&P

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101 23 S/D Derivative Contracts 24 Commodity merchandise ,700 3,175, WTI 97

102 ICE NYMEXWTI IPE ICE ICE ICE 25 4 WTI 98

103 NYSE WTI DD WTI 99

104 S&P GSCI SPOT PRICE COMMODITY INDEX COMMODITY INDEX INVESTMENT COMPARED TO S & P CSCI SPOT PRICE COMMODITY INDEX OTHERS DJ-AIG SP-GSCI S&PGSCI COMMODITY INDEX INVESTMENT BILLIONS OF DOLLARS 9 S&PGSCI OTC TOCOM NY, WTI WTI

105 3 Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act CRO FRB CFTC SEC

106

107 10 Stop Excessive Energy Speculation Act of S.3268 Commodity Markets Transparency and Accountability Act of H.R.6604 CFTC CFTC CFTC CFTC CFTC CFTC CFTC Mark Jickling and Lynn J. Cunningham. Speculation and Energy Prices: Legistative Responses. CRS Report for Congress, August pp

108 J IT 104

109 VAR/VaR 6 VAR 4 / VAR G, F, H G G F H Maximize 4 VaR 105

110 H F IT 7 OTC 1 106

111 2 2 FAS 133 Financial Accounting Standards Akerlof, G The market for lemons: quality uncertainty and the market mechanism. Quarterly Journal of Economics 843, pp David M. Kreps A Course in Microeconomic Theory, Princeton University Press OTC OTC the International Swaps and Derivatives AssociationISDA ISDA

112 VaR VaR X UFJ 62 VaR VaR BIS VAR/ VaR Value at Risk 95 VaR

113 1 1991, 2 Spence, Michael, 1973, Job Market Signaling, Quarterly Journal of Economics, August, p CRO 5 FIA Buzzurl, Enron 109

114 300, , , , ,000 50,000 Brent-WTI Bloomberg NYMEX WTI NYMEX WTI 9 25/bbl WTI 16/bbl WTI WTI NYMEX WTI WTI WTI NYMEX WTI 6 110

115 Sozen BLOGOS com/article/17445/ LNG Market Valuation of LNG Price Formulas, IEEJ a b 16 Black, F. and M. Scholes 1973, The Pricing of Options and Corporate Liabilities, Journal of Political Economy, Vol. 81, pp

116 17 Merton, R. C. 1973, Theory of Rational Option Pricing, Bell Journal of Economics and Management Science, Vol. 4, pp Abreu-Brunnermeier 2003, Bubbles and Crashes, Econometrica, Vol. 71, No. 1 January, 2003, pp Allen, Morris and Postlewaite 1993, Finite Bubbles with Short Sale Constraints andasymmetric Information, Journal of Economic Theory, 1993, Vol. 61, issue 2, pp Blanchard and Watson 1982, Bubbles, Rational Expectations, and Financial Markets, in Crisis in the Economic and Financial Structure, NBER Working Paper No CFTC 2008, Staff Report on Commodity Swap Dealers & Index Traders with Commission Recommendations, September CFTC 2008, Energy Markets Enforcement Results, November 17,

117 pp

118 CBD ABS Convention on Biological Diversity CBD 10 10th Conference of the Parties: CBD/COP10 Nagoya protocol Nagoya protocol on Access to Genetic Resources and the Fair and Equitable Sharing of Benefits Arising from their Utilization to the Convention on Biological Diversity ABS Acsses and Benefit- Sharing 114

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122 CBD CBD ABS 118

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128 CBD 124

129 Plant Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture: PGRFA FAO CBD International Treaty on Plant Genetic Resources: ITPGR ITPGR 1 CBD CBD ITPGR MLS Multilateral System: MLS Standard Material Transfer Agreement: SMTA CBD ITPGR 12 3 CBD MLS

130 FAO CBD ITPGR CBD UPOV International Convention for the Protection of New Varieties of Plants UPOV Union internationale pour la protection des obtentions vegetales UPOV UPOV 1991 CBD ITPGR UPOV 3 8 ABS CBD CBD

131 2000 NITE CBD 9 ABS 127

132 CBD ABS 2010 ABS, N.I JBA Web 128

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135 pp Accountability Accounting 1 131

136 Accounting Finance 132

137 Accountability 6 133

138 1966 ASOBAT R. &P. W IT 134

139 10 charge discharge Accountability 135

140 Internal check system

141 12 13 M &A

142 investment revenue-expense approach speculation asset-liability approach Accountability Public Finance Corporate Finance Personal Finance

143 current cost accounting Accountability Concept Convention

144 Higher Learning Lower Learning 5 Accounting 20 intersim extension

145 22 G. O. May production of Logic distillation of Experience 500 Double-entry Bookkeeping

146 p Accounting p p Oct p. 1 6 p Statement of Basic Accounting Theory: ASOBAT p p. 24 Ball, Ray and Brown, Philip, An Empirical of Accounting Income Numbers, Journal of Accounting Research, Vol. 6, No. 2, Autumn, pp Beaver, William H., The Information Contents of Annual Earnings Announcements, Journal of Accounting Research, Vol. 6 Supplement, 1968, pp pp

147 p DTP 2008 pp p p No p p p DTP 2012 pp p p DTP 2008 p E. L, Kohler 48 p p p p p

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149 pp IT IT IT 145

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155 96 Web 151

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157 3 ICT ICT CG IT 1 CG 153

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160 IC, LSI Micro Electronics: ME ME IT

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163 pp S. kanayama, Corporate Information Network, 1st, Shopping Center Academy, 7, K. Kasai and S. Kanayama, Corporate Information Network and Strategic Competition, Shopping Center Academy, 5, 1991, pp S. Kanayama, Corporate Information Network, 2nd, Shopping Center Academy, 7, Rite Review No B. Tangney and D. O Mahony, Local Area Network and Their Applications, Prentice Hall International UK Ltd., pp pp R&D Hotline Kahan, H., The Year 2000, AFrame Work of Speculation, Newman, W. H., Warren, E. K., and J. E. Schnee, The Process of Management, 5th ed., Prentice-Hall, 1982, pp Jauch, L. R., and W. F. Glueck, Business Policy and Strategic Management, 5th ed., McGraw-Hill, 1988, pp Byars, L., Strategic Management, 2nd ed., Harper & Row, 1987, p Koontz, H. and H. Weihrich, Management, 9th ed., McGraw-Hill, 1988, p. 63; Koontz, H. and H. Weihrich, Management, 9th ed., McGraw-Hill, 1988, p. 159

164 Hatten, K. and M. Hatten, Strategic Management, Prentice-Hall, 1987, p Kasai, K., Symphonic-space, No. 7, 1992, pp Kasai, K., and S. Kanayama, Symphonic-space, No. 5, 1990, pp FA OA ME OA ME

165 deprival value Baxter Bonbright 2 value budget normal satisfactory asset

166 DFD SSM Social Enterprise: SE SE SE SE SE 1 SE

167 IAS/IFRS IAS 37 IAS IAS obligation constructive obligation 163

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169 GDP

170 NY TOPIX NY 2 / / TOPIX /

171 A 4 167

172 24,000 20,000 6,

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174 1 2 A The Chicago Manual of Style 7 170

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177 TAKUSHOKU UNIVERSITY THE RESEARCHES IN MANAGEMENT AND ACCOUNTING No. 95 October 2012 Articles A Case Study of so called Gurugurumawari circle of Preferential Tights of Tax Claim and Private Claim KOBAYASHI Mikio 1 Issues on Accounting Standard for Smaller Entities MIYOKAWA Masahide 35 The Feature and Analysis of Internal Control on Chinese Government-owned Enterprise ZHOU Zhigang 57 Japanese Trade Policy focusing on Energy Resources 7 TAKEGAMI Konosuke 77 Global Management and the Sustainable Use of Plant Resources: The Implications of the Nagoya Protocol for JapanNAKAMURA Yoichi 113 Study Note What was Accounting? MIYOKAWA Masahide 131 The Rich World and New Technology KANAYAMA Shigeo 145 Edited and Published by THE BUSINESS RESEARCH INSTITUTE TAKUSHOKU UNIVERSITY Kohinata, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan

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