Microsoft Word - no57Ł’’Î Œ{Ł¶.doc
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- しまな うばら
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1 FRI No.57 July 1999
2
3 I II III IV.
4
5 Baltimore Air Coil W.D.McCloskey 2
6 ,500 1,000 1,400 1, , , , ,248 1, ,015 1,365 3% 97% ,037 13,162 17, ,630 25, ,557 79,730 1, ,276 5, , ,848 1,248 79,557 64% 13,162 11% 25,630 21% 4% 18,488,085GJ =18.5PJ 3
7 1,292,039GJ =1.3PJ 7% 17,196,064GJ =17.2PJ 93% 1997 GJ 825,857 2,063,325 2,889,182 38,500 4,536,799 4,575, , ,031 13,687 10,285,035 10,298, ,686 28, ,851 1,292,039 17,196,046 18,488,085 10,285,035GJ =10.3PJ 56% 4,536,799GJ =4.5PJ 25% 2,063,325GJ =2.1PJ 11% GJ 1997 GJ 4,888 6,379 5,953 3,636 5,649 5,632 3,236 3,084 3,084 12,640 7,735 7,742 2,833 3,693 2,888 4,275 6,939 6,753 GJ 7,735 GJ
8 ,080,193GJ =3.1PJ ,538,956GJ =1.5PJ 5 1,509,603GJ =1.5PJ SI
9 ,000m3 294,488 LPG 5,365 25,098 12,350 18,616 4,007 GJ 3,416,456 Wh 855,182 GJ 412,546 LPG
10 S (1996 ) 21,550kW 132,941MJ h kw ,775 kwh W kw kw 7
11 NOx SOx 73 1 NOx 74 SOx 75 2 NOx 77 3 NOx 79 4 NOx ,000 kw 16,500 kw 36,300 kw 18,000 kw 16,000 kw 4,100 kw 8,000 kw 9,000 kw 10,000 kw 12,400 kw 28,300 kw 9,000 kw 34.3% 21.1% 26.5% GJ ,285,035GJ =10.3PJ 6,600,124GJ =6.6PJ 55% 8
12 21GJ 21GJ
13 cm 5,500kg ,800 1,100 BTU 282,230 Tcal 1.3% 93 4,351 kw 5% 32,000km 111,400ha 157,000 10
14 Union Thermal Technologies, Inc. 50% IDEA IDEA International District Energy Association 1978 PURPA Public Utility Regulatory Policies Act PURPA 1977 NEP 11
15 FERC QF qualifying facilities avoided costpurpa 210 A QF kw PURPA IPP Independent Power ProducerPURPA IPP 1978 IPPIndependent Power Producer IPP IPP 350 kw MW p.198 IRP Integrated Resources Planning Avoided Cost 2 8 kwh 12
16 IDEA % 22% 21% 9% 1% 4 NO.2 No ,000 50% 4 kw DOE 100 BTU BTU 99.1 p.141 IDHCA PURPA Public Utilities Regulatory Policy Act1978 PURPA 1992 EPA Energy Policy Act 13
17 DSM IRP DSM IRP DSM IRP DSM 1992 EPA IRP PG&E SCE DSM SMUD DSM IRP IDHCA
18 GSA General Services Administration DC 100 GSA GSA 80% 15% 5% Union Thermal Technologies, Inc. IDEA
19 90 EPA Energy Policy Act ,000 2,500 kw 10 FERC 2,500 kw 10 FERC NO SO NOx NOx Clean Air Act 1995 CFC HCFC 16
20
21 London C
22 ft 17,000 20,000 m 19
23 EU 1988 CHP EU SAVE SAVE II EU 97 EU 1994 EU EU EU 11 20
24 EU EU TEN 2 EU CO2 EU EU EU 21
25 oven ,047km Euroheat Power Fernwärme International EU 22
26 OECD IEA OMV EU 9 Laender 5 Verbundgesellschaft ,596.4GWh EU
27 Verbundgesellschaft 39 Verbundgesellschaft Verbundgesellschaft CO2 SO NO CO2 OECD CO2 OMV Verbundgesellschaft C 3,060 24
28 % TWh 25PJ CHP Euroheat Power Fernwärme International CHP 60 CHP
29 MWh 1996 MWh Euroheat Power Fernwärme International 5 0 1,200MWe 5 70MWe 25 7kWe 8MWe kWe CO CO 30 26
30 CHP 60 CHP 90 CHP (1)(2) (3) 3 (4) (5)(1) (3) ENERGY ENERGY 2000 Follow Up Energy 21 ENERGY 2000 ENERGY 2000 follow-upco % % 1996 Energy 21CO Energy21 27
31 35 4 CHP 90% 60% DH50% 65-70%
32 VAT LPG CO MWh Euroheat Power Fernwärme International
33 200 CHP 30PJ CTR VEKS Vestforbraending CTR VEKS CHP CTR CHP VEKS GWh 99 2 EU 90 ELSAM ELKRAFT 2 2 ELSAM ELKRAFT CHP 2 CHP96 CHP 1,400MW MW 1995 CHP 84 CHP
34 Euroheat Power Fernwärme International TWh 31TWh CO CO2 CO2 NOSO CTR 2002 CO2 50 NO 50 SO
35 3, kWh m MW 100MW 1996 p
36 Euroheat Power Fernwärme International Euroheat Power Fernwärme International 75 MWh 51 MWh 37 MWh 112 MWh 33
37 MWh 79 MWh 51 MWh 61 MWh 37 MWh 44 MWh 112 MWh 114 MWh Euroheat Power Fernwärme International Euroheat Power Fernwärme International
38 Euroheat Power Fernwärme International Euroheat Power Fernwärme International (1) (2) 7.5 (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) 8 35
39 GNP 35 4,691 kw 18% DM kwh DM kwh DM kwh kwh
40 RWE 100kWh EU % 32.3% 24.8% 4.7% 3.7% 1.1% 1.0% 100% Euroheat Power Fernwärme International 37
41 1,537 W 860 kw 16 kw 2,413 kw ,400 kw CO
42 GNP C 5,600 7, Building Regulation
43 CHP Euroheat Power Fernwärme International 75 CHP CHP 40
44 CHP 179 MWh MWh Euroheat Power Fernwärme International OECD 41
45 CHP 65PJ PJ 22 VAT Energy Board 42
46 CHP NesteImatran Voima Vapo 3 3 CHP CHP CHP CHP CHP CHP 16 CHP Euroheat Power Fernwärme International 43
47 CHP CHP TWh JARVENPAA et al TWh TWh EL-EX Nord Pool EL-EX CO2 44
48 kWh m C 2,200 2,500 1,700 1,800 45
49 M.tep 86M.tep M.tep , ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) 29.7% 50.0% 49.0% 40.0% 12.5% 12.3% 11.8% 15.5% 15.4% 11.9% 12.0% 13.0% 5.0% 3.7% 4.1% 4.4% 9.5% 6.6% 7.4% 7.1% 11.5% 5.0% 5.2% 6.5% 16.4% 10.5% 10.5% 13.5% 100% 100% 100% 100% Euroheat Power Fernwärme International
50 3 3 MW 1997 VAT kWh SO2 180 NO2 180 HCL 180 Euroheat Power Fernwärme International Gaz de France EdF Electricite de France Cofreth 2,000m 75.3 EDF TWh
51 Euroheat Power Fernwärme International EU EU EU ,300 kw 300 kw 300 kw 10,900 kw 1992 EU 290MW 1,172.4TJ 62.7km 48
52 C 2, Decreto Presidente della Repubblica n del 26/8/93 20 C kWh m 2 9,000kWh 244 kw ,500 kw % 1997 ENISNAM 1949 LNG
53 28,000km 138 kwh 142 kwh 198 kwh 240 kwh 1995 kwh Euroheat Power Fernwärme International CHP
54 MW MW CHP 589 1, ,345 Euroheat Power Fernwärme International CHP ,687GWh 1,861GWh OECD 81.5 OECD CHP /91 95 CHP 13 3 toe 5.6PJ 20 CHP
55 VAT toe toe Euroheat Power Fernwärme International 52
56 GWh 196, , , , ,582 Euroheat Power Fernwärme International 95 37,427GWh 261,009 GWh EU DPR 203/88 53
57 C 3, C 7 18 C 33,900km 2 1,560 1km GJ kw Euroheat Power Fernwärme International km 2,080km 95 CHP % 54
58 Euroheat Power Fernwärme International 1 2 Hague GJ GJ GJ Euroheat Power Fernwärme International 55
59 1,000 CHP % CHP Euroheat Power Fernwärme International CHP % CHP CHP Combined heat and power CHP Euroheat Power Fernwärme International 56
60 White Paper 3 Ministry of Economic Affairs 1 CO2 NOSO2 Gasunie EC CHP CHP 1980 CHP Energy Performance Standard
61 CO 2 CHP CHP VAT 17.5 Brandstoffenbelasting million m m 3 10 million m m Euroheat Power Fernwärme International 10 million m m 3 COVABTW VAT Brandstoffenbelasting MAP MAP MAP ECO ECO MAP CHP 58
62 m m COVA BTW VAT Brandstoffenbelasting MAP ECO Euroheat Power Fernwärme International m m EnergieNed NAM
63 m m3 LNG 2, m3 4 EPON UNA EXH EPZ ,447MW 11,160MW TWh ,500MW Euroheat Power Fernwärme International CHP kw
64 kw ,400 kw 1989 Electricity Act CHP Environmental Policy Act PlusAcid Emission 50CO MAP MAP 5 NO PJ CO2 CHP ,700 CO2 40 MAP 1995 MAP CHP 2000 CO2 52 GJ 96kg CO PJ PJ 28PJ CO2 61
65 2,300 CHP 1,150MW Heat Chart Instrument ,550 4,000 4,000 7, MWh 400 MWh 62
66 TWh OECD EU EU EU 1991 VAT MWh VAT 63
67 , VAT MWh CO Euroheat Power Fernwärme International 95 6,000PJ 4.4 1,100PJ PJ , GNP
68 Statkraft State Power Board Statkraft EU SOx CO CO2 65
69 CO TWh2005 2TWh 7 10TWh C 3,100 6, kWh m (1)
70 Euroheat Power Fernwärme International MWh 361 MWh 497 MWh VAT MWh ECU GJ Euroheat Power Fernwärme International 67
71 TWh 95 40TWh TWh PJ TWh PJ Euroheat Power Fernwärme International CHP 25 30CHP 20 CHP 21 CHP
72 ,
73 NIMBY Not in my backyard CO 2 SOx CO
74 MWh ECU GJ Euroheat Power Fernwärme International Swedish Energy Development Corporation Energy Board Energy Company 26 CHP TWh TWh % % 71
75 1995 CO CHP 3.3 CHP Euroheat Power Fernwärme International Vattenfall CO TWh , ,500 5,000 72
76 CHP CHP 2010 CHP SEK MWh 300SEK MWh OECD TWh 40 TWh 1.6 SO , , NO , ,000 CO ,500, ,800, () 1995 SO 64,000 10,200 NO 22,000 10,000 CO 2 8,500,000 3,800,000 Euroheat Power Fernwärme International CO
77 CO CO CO 1992 Västerås GWh 100TJ GWh 1.8PJ TWh 74
78 Euroheat Power Fernwärme International 2000 VSF 26 CO2 6 75
79 Euroheat Power Fernwärme International VSF GWh ,000kW 200GWh 500GWh 1 VSF
80 3 3 CO EU EU CO GWh 33, , , , WSE 1, NOK
81 , CHP 50 78
82 95 CHP 3,600MW CHP GW CHP GW CHP Combined Heat and Power Association PFI Private Finance Initiative CHP 50 PFI The Combined Heat and Power Association MW CHP Best Practice Programme Home Energy Efficiency Programme National PowerPowerGen96 97 Eastern 3 CCGT M 96 50M 1994 CCGT 28M
83 13M Transco National Grid Co VAT
84 EU kw 1,336 CHP 1,336 10MW 64 2,826MW CHP 3,562MW CHP 6 CHP 2000 GW IPP % 2000 CO ,000 kw CCGT 81
85 IV
86 CO 2 NOSO 83
87 600MW 1 600kW 1,000 84
88 ,400 kl EC MWh MWh 500kg CO2 Jarvenpaa et al CO 2 NO 85
89 4 DSM DSM 200mm 40 86
90
91 OA 1996 p
92 A. Lovins 100 negawatt
93 IPP 8 90 EPA Energy Policy Act IPP IPP IPP IPP 2km 20 30km IPP IPP CO 2 90
94 CO IPP
95 CHP Combined Heat and Power 1994, p.v IPP 92
96 IPP DSM 100 kw kw COP 2 93
97 ABB Asea Brown Boveri 10 W 11 8kW Fuel Cell PEM kw
98 CHE Ecopower (a) (b) 3 IDHCA
99 topping 1,300 C C 1,300 C , LPG 40 1kW kW 1m 2 96
100 100 COP Coefficient of Performance , (a) (b) (c) 3 (a) CFC HCFC CFC 1995 HCFC 2030 HFC Hydrogenerated Fluoro Carbon (b) 1976 (c)
101 COP SHP NHP RDF RDF Refuse Derived Fuel
102 RD F p.222 RDF
103 /
104 p.209 hours 7 Baltimore Air Coil W.D.McCloskey 101
105 ( ) 102
106
107 LNG LNG LNG LNG 162 LNG J g LNG LNG LNG 320 LNG LNG 104
108 LNG LNG DOE RDF RDF pp (a) (b) (c) (d) 105
109 (a) 100 C (b) (c) (d) 106
110 107
111 99 4 1,500kl 600 kwh 3,500 9,000 37,000m 3 (a) (b) (c) (d) 108
112 GJ h 21GJ h 109
113 110
114 3 LPG 111
115 (a) (b) (c) (d)
116 80 C CO 2 CO 2 ODA CDM Clean Development Mechanism JI Joint Implementation DSM (1993) (1998) 1 (1992) Vol.13 NO ( ) ( ) DSM Y
117 Y NEDO UNICHAL IDEA IDEA vol.34 pp The Swedish Nuclear Dilemma Energy and Environment ( ) (1994) J. (1994) California Public Utilities Commission (1994) Order Instituting Rulemaking And Order Instituting Investigation, I , (1994.4) 114
118 California Public Utilities Commission / Presentation Material (1996) Jarvenpaa, Teemu, IVO Power Generation, FINLAND, Makela, Tero, Salonsaari-Posti, Anu, FINLAND and Koivisto, Heikki, Finnish District Heating Association, FINLAND, 1998, Cogeneration in Finlanc; District Heating and Industrial Perspectives, World nergy Congress, 1998 Houston, USA CADDET Energy Efficiency Newsletter NEDO IEA District Heating programme IEA Energy Conservation in Buildings and Community Systems Programme (ECBCS) the Energy Conservation in Buildings and Community Systems Program in the IEA IEA CADDET Energy Efficiency Links District Energy Virtual Library COGEN Europe The European Association for the Promotion of Cogeneration Cogeneration, District Heating and Cooling in the EU ENERGY POLICY UK Combined Heat and Power Association 115
119
120
121
122 Dept.of Heating Operations National Institutes of Health Ene Networks.Inc.Energy CenterENI) Capitol District Energy Center Conneticut Natural Gas Corp.(CNG) John Brown Engineering Ltd.(O'Brien Cogeneration Inc.) Co-op City (Brooklyn Jacob Javits Convention Center American REF-Fuel Consolidated Edison Co. Reedy Creek Utility Co. Trenton District Energy Co. World Trade Center Trigen Baltimore Energy Resco Metro/Boeing Flight Simulation Center Seattle Steam Co. City Water Board, Central Plant Indianapolis Power& Light Ogden-Martin Waste-to Energy Plant Mid-American Energy Resources Central Plants Dept. of Water & Power, The City of L.A. Tresure Island Hotel Reedy Creek Energy Services, Inc. Orlando Courthouse Bridge 119
123 Unicom Thermal Technologies, Inc. Trigen People John Hancock Center Corporation du Chauffage de Montreal Public Works Canada IDHCA 81st Annual Conference Saint Mary's Trygen London 120
124 H7 H H10 90 Vesrforbraending Alfa-Laval Malmo Emergi AB Uppsala Energi) Garage under Klara Church 5 Vantaa ( HEB) ENW 97/2/1 Energiebedfijf Amsterdam Stadtwerke Munchen) Dizisau Burgau Aalen PKA StambergWaterpark Gas and Elektrizitats werk Depogas GmbH Berline Kraft und Licht(BEWAG)AG Saarbruchken) Schwabish Hall GmbH FEW) Burgkirchen SKA)HP Federal Institute of Technology Kraftwerk Aubrugg:HKW 121
125 H7 H H10 NEDO La Villette Cite des Sciences et de l'insutrie Climadef CPCU Cometherm Thetford Fibrothetford London Dockland Development Pimlico District Heating PDHU The Center for Alternative TechnologyCAT) Alitalia AIRU) ACEA) Ospedale Cardarelli AEM:Azienda Energitica Municipale 15 ALCOBENDAS Puerta de Europa Heizbetriebe Wien Ges mbh Fernwarme Wien Ges Mbh Spittelau Energy Selskapet Askerof Baerum(EAB) Oslo Energy Prazska Teplarenska 122
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NOPR 1978 IPPIndependent Power Producer NOPR IPP PUCPublic Utility Commissions FERC Federal Energy Regulatory Commiss
1978 12 IPP ISO 1996 RTO 34 1978 1988 NOPR 1978 IPPIndependent Power Producer 1988 1978 1988 NOPR IPP 1990 10 PUCPublic Utility Commissions FERC Federal Energy Regulatory Commission 2001 1970 5 1 1978
レポート本文電力自由化2000年4月.PDF
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2006 EU EU 2005 58.7Mtoe 2 3 2005 2004 3.1Mtoe 58.7Mtoe 2004 0.2Mtoe 2005 5.3Mtoe EurObserv ER EurObserv ER 4 2 6.2Mtoe 2004 5.6% 3.1Mtoe 1 2 6.2Mtoe 2003 2005 11.8% 2 2005 EU25 1 Mtoe 2 3 4 CHP 4 64.2%
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SB22 2005 5 23 27 2005 5 31 22 SB22 SB22 In-session workshop 2005 5 23 10 00 13 00 COP 10/CP9 SBSTA COP11 SBSTA21 SBSTA22 I II SBSTA Abdulla Kok Seng Yap( ) METI 2 I 4 15 II 3 I Richard Bradley International
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5 0 2003 14 4 6,180 KW 5,100 ( ) utilities Utilities utilities utilities AEP 11 FERC utilities ( ) utilities utility 6 9 9 12 14 17 17 9 12 17 timeline 18 ( ) ( ) ( ) 26 26 27 ( ) ( ) 29 ( ) ( ) ( ) AEP
海外における電力自由化動向
PJM Nord Pool 1. 13 2 26 3 9 4 19 1 PJM Nord Pool PJM PJM Nord Pool NETA PJM 1 13 4 19 1 2. PJM 2.1. PJM-ISO 2 PJM Pennsylvania New Jersey Maryland 3 PJM Delaware Virginia Washington D.C. 5 1 PJM-ISO PJM
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和文報告書目次案
No. 2 15 9 JR 03 100 4-1 4-2 4-3 4-4 ... 1... 1 1.2... 1 1.2.1... 1 1.2.2... 1 1.2.3... 2 1.3... 2 2... 5 2.1 I... 5 2.1.1... 5 2.1.2... 6 2.1.3... 10 2.1.4... 14 2.1.5... 17 2.1.6... 17 2.1.7... 18
主な導入国における経緯・制度について
1 3 6 9 1991 [carbon dioxide tax] 1990 2001 [energy tax] 2000 12 1/2 1995 1 860 SKR/kl 3,640 SKR/kl 1,058 SKR/kl 2,090 SKR/kl 1,058 SKR/kl 2,090 SKR/kl 1,058 SKR/kl 743 SKR/kl 1,120 SKR/t 787 SKR/t LPG
6, ,000km % 6.89% 1.64% 1.29% 0.68% 0.34% 8.12% Jacques CHIRAC Jean Pierre RAFFARIN Nicolas SARKOZY G
6,181 2003 550,000km 2 1.5 81.4% 6.89% 1.64% 1.29% 0.68% 0.34% 8.12% Jacques CHIRAC1995 5 7 Jean Pierre RAFFARIN2002 5 Nicolas SARKOZY 2004 3 31 1 GDP 18,340 2003 1 GDP 30,475 2003 1 GDP 0.1 2003 2 GDP
30-48 1973-48 1973 77.4 15 2003 50.0-2 - 2003 80 - - - 16 2004 British Petroleum 41 67 192-3 - IEA / World Energy Outlook 2000 2004 OECD/NEAIAEA - 4 - 5 6 4 80km 60km 100km 300km 800km 25km 3-1,300mm
民生・運輸部門における中核的対策技術に関する中間報告
1-1 1 1-2 6 1-3 11 2-1 13 2-3 20 3-1 30 3-2 31 3-3 41 3-4 46 3-5 52 3-6 56 3-7 60 4-1 67 4-2 67 (1) 2000 GWP 13 3,200 1990 HFCsPFCs SF 6 1995 12 3,300 8.0 0.2 CO2 CH41990 N2O HFCs PFCs1995 1-1 1 1 GWPGlobal
IEEJ: EDF 6,580 kw % % % % ,649.7 kw kw
IEEJ: 2007 3 1 2006 1 1-1 1-1-1 2005 2005 31 443 3 6,780 kw 84% 3 840 kw OECD 2005 7% 15% 2 7420 kwh 1-1 1-2 1-1 1-1 1990 1 1 IEEJ: 2007 3 2005 86 EDF 6,580 kw 3 1-1-2 1970-1980 80% 20 1979 1990 1996 18%
(2) IPP Independent Power Producers IPP 1995 NCC(New Common Carrier NCC NTT NTT NCC NTT NTT IPP 2. IPP 2.1 1995 4 (3) [1] [2] IPP [2] IPP IPP [1] [2]
![(2) IPP Independent Power Producers IPP 1995 NCC(New Common Carrier NCC NTT NTT NCC NTT NTT IPP 2. IPP 2.1 1995 4 (3) [1] [2] IPP [2] IPP IPP [1] [2]](/thumbs/42/23010176.jpg "(2) IPP Independent Power Producers IPP 1995 NCC(New Common Carrier NCC NTT NTT NCC NTT NTT IPP 2. IPP 2.1 1995 4 (3) [1] [2] IPP [2] IPP IPP [1] [2]")
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2005 17 NPO (ISEP) 1 1-1. Disclosure 1-2 EU (GoO) 2. 2-1. Disclosure 2-2 2-3 3 EU 3-1 EU GoO 3-2 3-2-1 3-2-2 3-2-3 3-2-4 3-2-5 3-2-6 3-2-7 3-2-8 3-2-9 3-2-10 3-2-11 3-2-12 3-2-13 3-3 4 5 5-1. 5-2 EU 1990
1 2...5...6...7...7...7...8...8...8...9...10...10... 11... 11... 11... 11... 11...13...13...14...14...15...15...16...16...18...18...19...20...20...20...20...21...21...22...22 3...23...23...23...24...24...24...24...25...25...25...26...26...26...26...26...27...27...27...27...28...28...28...29...30
第２回 資料１
1 3 6 9 1991 [carbon dioxide tax] 1990 2001 [energy tax] 2000 12 1/2 1995 1 860 SKR/kl 3,640 SKR/kl 1,058 SKR/kl 2,090 SKR/kl ) 1,058 SKR/kl 2,090 SKR/kl 1,058 SKR/kl 743 SKR/kl 1,120 SKR/t 787 SKR/t LPG
円借款案件・事後評価報告書1999（全文・上巻）
8 1999 3 199812 () 19919 19919 19981 7,854 5,335 3.0% 257 239 (1) (B) (2) 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 JP US$ 134.71 126.65 111.20 102.21 94.06 BUS$ 025.47 025.39 025.35 025.00 025.14 CPI 105.7 110.0 113.7
EU CO2/ CO2/ EU 1990 EU CO CO2
2.1 2.1 2.2 199011 EU CO2/ CO2/ EU 1990 EU CO2 2005 2001 200012 CO2 2.1 1990 1990 1 1994 1997 1997 1997 1991 1991 50 1990 1991 1991 40 2 1 2.3 1992 1992 35 1993 50 1996 1990 1996 2 1990 1992 1996 1999
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Text Carlos Barria/Reuters 1990 97 2011 2016 原 化 燃料 電源 然エネルギー 熱電併給 独占 市場 公正な競争市場 閉鎖的 地域独 型 ネットワーク 開放的 広域的 垂直統合 構造 平展開 受け 統 的 市 の役割 活発 多様 < 由化以前 : 発送電 貫 > < 由化以降 > < 発送電分離以降 > 発電 発電 IPP 発電事業 由競 争 法定独占
PEFC 1 6 PEFC % CO FC FC 36 LHV 10 FC 1 DSS 8 8.5kW FC 342
19 9 11 13 30 15 30 PEFC 10kW PEFC 2005 6 6 3 10 10kW PEFC 1kW PEFC NEF 1kW FS NEDO FC PEFC 2005 317km LPG NEDO PEFC 341 PEFC 1 6 PEFC 1 1 24 90% CO2 30 3 2 FC FC 36 LHV 10 FC 1 DSS 8 8.5kW FC 342 2 PEFC
77 http//www.pref.nara.jp/rinsei/bio/biotop.htm 1... 1 2... 2 3... 3 4... 4 5 1... 5 6 2... 6 7 3... 7 8 4... 8 9... 9 1... 1 11... 12 12... 14 13... 16 14... 18 15... 2 16... 22 17 1... 24 18 2... 26
t-co2 4 CDM CDM t-co2 1 CER kt-co2/y kt-co2/y , , , ,082 68, , ,416 62, ,
CDM CDMClean Development Mechanism, CDM CDM 2001 11 3 1,000 1 CDM Certified Emission Reduction, CER CDM CDM CDM CDM 1-1 CDM 1 UNEP CDM 948 CDM 2012 12 t-co2 Certified Emission Reduction, CER 2 2008 2012
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2007 (EU) 2006 9,564.6MWth 1 854.6MWe 2 2006 7 2007 EU 2006854.6MWe9,564.6MWth 7,328.3MWth 3 500 1500150 350 90 150 3,000m CHP combined heat and power plant 1,000 3,000 50 90 100m 30m 1m 1 MWth: megawatt
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216 215 12 ENERGIZING THE FUTURE CIS 1% CONTENTS 2 4 CEO 12 2 2 : TO THE NEXT GROWTH STAGE 22 28 LPG 36 36 38 43 46 47 IIRC ver 1. CSR Book WEB CSR 216 6 http://www.showa-shell.co.jp/csr/index.html 216
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