02 Communication Model & Process HO2018
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1 Introduction to Communication <1> <2> Lecture 2: Definitions, Models, & Process of Communication 10 / 05/ 2018!2 1.1 Definition Communication the transmission of information, ideas, skills, etc. by the use of symbols words, pictures, figures, graphs,etc. (Burleson & Steiner, 1964) the eliciting of a response through verbal symbols (Dance, 1967)!3!4 Communication Communication a source transmits a message to a receiver(s) with conscious intent to affect the latter s behaviors (Miller, 1966). Human communication has occurred when a human being responds to a symbol. (Cronkhite, 1976). CAJ (Communication Association Japan) The study of the nature, processes and effects of human symbolic interaction. (Macbath and Jefery, 1978)!5!6
2 Communication Communication occurs when humans manipulate symbols to stimulate meaning in other humans. (Infante, Rancer, & Womack, 2003)!7!8!9!10 Communication Communication occurs when humans manipulate symbols to stimulate meaning in other humans. (Infante, Rancer, & Womack, 2003) 1.2 Features (p.28) 1) 2) 3) 4) 5)!11!12
3 1) ( ) Natural Sign Artificial Sign Icon Index Symbol!13!14 2) Comm Communication と意図 We cannot NOT communicate communication One cannot not communicate!! (Watzlawick, Beavin, & Jackson, 1967)!15 Communication & Intent 3) Comm con - text Sender Receiver Intent( 意図 ) + Intent - Consciousness ( 認識 ) + KY Consciousness - Burgoon, Hunsaker, & Dawson (1994), p.21!18
4 コミュニケーションと文化 コミュニケーションと文化 コミュニケーション教育 アメリカ 具体的な教育方法が確立 教育される コミュニケーションスタイル 低コンテクスト文化 まずお互い間意見 感覚 価値観などにまず違いがあることを 確認して そこから少しでも共通点 共有点を探り合おうとする コミュニケーションとは する 行動 日本 教育方法法なし 自然と習得される コミュニケーションとは なる 行動 高コンテクスト文化 お互い考え方 意見 価値観アドをある程度 共通もとして 理解し合っているために 相手気持ちを 察し 行間 を読み ときには 腹芸 を使ってコミュニケーションを図ろう とする 理論 証明 論法等論理的な部分に重点をおくではな く 感情 ひらめき 含蓄といった情緒的な手段によってコミュニ ケーションを行おうとする!19 高 低コンテクスト文化における 文脈利用 A!20 低コンテクスト文化 B 話者 回答者 回答 今日私プレゼンテーション どうでしたか B 全体的には 良かったと思いますよ 疑問 A聞き手 質問者 高コンテクスト文化 低コンテクスト文化 B 教授 上位 評価者 評価 回答 クラス皆前 面子価値観 前人プレゼン 出来 日本で プレゼン 価値 人間 社会関係 B 話者 回答者 教授性格 温厚 確認 A 学生 下位 私 こ れ ま で 成 績 疑問 A聞き手 質問者
5 高コンテクスト文化 4) メッセージには内容面と関係面がある B 教授 上位 評価者 評価 教授性格 温厚 内容面 = 記号的 言語的 論理的意味 関係面 = クラス皆前 面子価値観 対人関係 心理距離 親密さ 前人プレゼン 出来 日本で プレゼン 価値 人間 社会的役割 関係 私 こ 対人感情 etc. れ ま で 成 確認 社会関係 A 学生 下位 内容面を修飾するメタ コミュニケーション 言語 vs. 非言語 績!26 5) Commを通じて個が出来る 1.3 コミュニケーション主要機能 発達段階でコミュニケーション(=他 Informing (情報伝達) 人とインタラクション 重要性 Independent Persuading/Influence (説得 対人的影響 Self-construal 独立的自己観 Inter-dependent Relational Development / Maintenance (対 人関係構築 維持) Self-construal 相互依存的 自己観 Entertaining! コミュニケーション モデル! コミュニケーション プロセス コミュニケーションを構成する要素 (p.38) Context: 対人 社会 文化 Sender & Receiver 送り手 受け手 Coding & Decoding 記号化 脱記号化 Message メッセージ Channel チャンネル Noise ノイズ!29!30
6 1.5 Code Models Shannon & Weaver (1949) Shramm (1954) Berlo (1960) Shannon & Weaver (1949) Inference Models Grice (1975) Sperber & Wilson (1986) SMCR (Berlo, 1960) A. (corresponding rules) Encode = Decode Rules / Rule system (not Principles) B. Noise Incompatible rules Code-Model Non-literal Meaning ( (metaphor) (irony) (joke) Indirect Meaning (Inference Model) Signal Message (Comprehension is the process of inference beyond the information given) ( (Once communication occur, it is matter of
7 References Berelson, B., & Steiner, G. A. (1964). Human Behavior. New York: Harcourt Brace & World. Burgoon, M., Hunsaker, F. G., & Dawson, E. J. (1994). Human Communication (3 rd ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage. Cronkhite, G. (1976). Communication and Awareness. Menlo Park, CA: Cummings. Dance, F. E. X. (1967). Toward a theory of human communication. In F. E. X. Dance (Ed.), Human Communication Theory: Original Essays (pp ). New York: Holt, Rinehart & Winston. Infante, D. A., Rancer, A. S., & Womack, D. F. (2003). Building Communication Theory (4 th ed.). Long Grove, IL: Waveland Press. McBath, J. & Jeffery, R. (1978). Defining Speech Communication. Communication Education, 27(3) Miller, G. (1966). On defining communication: Another stab. Journal of Communication, 26, Shannon, C. E., & Weaver, W. (1949). The Mathematical Theory of Communication. Urbana, IL: University of Illinois Press. Schramm, W. (1954). The Process and Effects of Communication. Urbana, IL: University of Illinois Press. Burlo, D. K. (1960). The Process of Communication: An Introduction to Theory and Practice. New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston. Grice, P. (1975). Logic and Conversation. In P. Cole & J. L. Morgan (Eds.), Syntax and Semantics (Vol. 3) Speech Acts (pp ). New York: Academic Press. Sperber, D., & Wilson, D. (1986). Relevance: Communication & Cognition. Watzlawick, P., Beavin, J. H., & Jackson, D. D. (1967). Pragmatics of Human Communication: A Study of Interaction Patterns, Pathologies, and Paradoxes. New York: Norton.
02 Communication Model & Process
Introduction to Lecture 2: Definitions, Models, & Process of 10 / 076/ 2017 2 1.1 Definition the transmission of information, ideas, skills, etc. by the use of symbols words, pictures, figures,
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