02 Communication Model & Process
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1 <1> Introduction to <2> Lecture 2: Definitions, Models, & Process of 10 / 076/ Definition the transmission of information, ideas, skills, etc. by the use of symbols words, pictures, figures, graphs,etc. (Burleson & Steiner, 1964) the eliciting of a response through verbal symbols (Dance, 1967) 3 4
2 a source transmits a message to a receiver(s) with conscious intent to affect the latter s behaviors (Miller, 1966). Human communication has occurred when a human being responds to a symbol. (Cronkhite, 1976). CAJ ( Association Japan) The study of the nature, processes and effects of human symbolic interaction. (Macbath and Jefery, 1978) 5 6 occurs when humans manipulate symbols to stimulate meaning in other humans. (Infante, Rancer, & Womack, 2003) 7 8
3 9 10 occurs when humans manipulate symbols to stimulate meaning in other humans. (Infante, Rancer, & Womack, 2003) 1.2 Features (p.28) 1) 2) 3) 4) 5) 11 12
4 1) () Natural Sign Artificial Sign Icon Index Symbol ) Comm と意図 We cannot NOT communicate communication One cannot not communicate!! (Watzlawick, Beavin, & Jackson, 1967) 15
5 & & Sender ( 意図 ) Sender Receiver Receiver ( 認識 ) Burgoon, Hunsaker, & Dawson (1994), p.21 Burgoon, Hunsaker, & Dawson (1994), p.21 & & Sender Sender Receiver Receiver Ascribed Ascribed Attempt Burgoon, Hunsaker, & Dawson (1994), p.21 Burgoon, Hunsaker, & Dawson (1994), p.21
6 & 3) Comm con text Sender Receiver Ascribed KY Attempt Behavior Burgoon, Hunsaker, & Dawson (1994), p
7 低コンテクスト文化 高 低コンテクスト文化における 文脈の利用 B 話者 回答者 回答 A 今日の私のプレゼンテーション 構成に少し難はあったけれど どうでしたか B 全体的には良かったと思いますよ 構成に少し難はあったけれど 全体的には 良かったと思いますよ 疑問 A聞き手 質問者 高コンテクスト文化 低コンテクスト文化 B 教授 上位 評価者 評価 回答 クラスの皆の前 面子価値観 構成に少し難はあったけれど 構成に少し難はあったけれど 全体的には良かったと思いますよ 全体的には良かったと思いますよ 前の人のプレゼン の出来 日本での プレゼン の価値 人間 社会関係 B 話者 回答者 教授の性格 温厚 確認 A 学生 下位 私 の こ れ ま で の 成 績 疑問 A聞き手 質問者
8 高コンテクスト文化 4) メッセージには内容面と関係面がある B 教授 上位 評価者 評価 教授の性格 温厚 内容面 = 記号的 言語的 論理的意味 関係面 = クラスの皆の前 面子価値観 構成に少し難はあったけれど 対人関係 心理距離 親密さ 全体的には良かったと思いますよ 前の人のプレゼン の出来 日本での プレゼン の価値 人間 社会関係 社会的役割 関係 私 の こ 対人感情 etc. れ ま で の 成 確認 A 学生 下位 内容面を修飾するメタ コミュニケーション 言語 vs. 非言語 績 30 5) Commを通じて個が出来る 1.3 コミュニケーションの主要機能 発達段階でのコミュニケーション(=他 Informing (情報伝達) 人とのインタラクション の重要性 Persuading/Influence (説得 対人的影響 Relational Development / Maintenance (対 Independent Selfconstrual 独立的自己観 Interdependent 人関係構築 維持) Selfconstrual 相互依存的 自己観 31 Entertaining 32
9 (p.38) Context: Sender & Receiver Coding & Decoding Message Channel 33 Noise Code Models Shannon & Weaver (1949) Shramm (1954) Berlo (1960) Shannon & Weaver (1949) Inference Models Grice (1975) Sperber & Wilson (1986)
10 SMCR (Berlo, 1960) A. (corresponding rules) Encode = Decode Rules / Rule system (not Principles) B. Noise Incompatible rules CodeModel Nonliteral Meaning ( (metaphor) (irony) (joke) Indirect Meaning (Inference Model) Signal Message (Comprehension is the process of inference beyond the information given) ( (Once communication occur, it is matter of
11 References Berelson, B., & Steiner, G. A. (1964). Human Behavior. New York: Harcourt Brace & World. Burgoon, M., Hunsaker, F. G., & Dawson, E. J. (1994). Human (3 rd ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage. Cronkhite, G. (1976). and Awareness. Menlo Park, CA: Cummings. Dance, F. E. X. (1967). Toward a theory of human communication. In F. E. X. Dance (Ed.), Human Theory: Original Essays (pp ). New York: Holt, Rinehart & Winston. Infante, D. A., Rancer, A. S., & Womack, D. F. (2003). Building Theory (4 th ed.). Long Grove, IL: Waveland Press. McBath, J. & Jeffery, R. (1978). Defining Speech. Education, 27(3) Miller, G. (1966). On defining communication: Another stab. Journal of, 26, Shannon, C. E., & Weaver, W. (1949). The Mathematical Theory of. Urbana, IL: University of Illinois Press. Schramm, W. (1954). The Process and Effects of. Urbana, IL: University of Illinois Press. Burlo, D. K. (1960). The Process of : An Introduction to Theory and Practice. New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston. Grice, P. (1975). Logic and Conversation. In P. Cole & J. L. Morgan (Eds.), Syntax and Semantics (Vol. 3) Speech Acts (pp. 4158). New York: Academic Press. Sperber, D., & Wilson, D. (1986). Relevance: & Cognition. Watzlawick, P., Beavin, J. H., & Jackson, D. D. (1967). Pragmatics of Human : A Study of Interaction Patterns, Pathologies, and Paradoxes. New York: Norton.
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Introduction to Communication Lecture 2: Definitions, Models, & Process of Communication 10 / 05/ 2018!2 1.1 Definition Communication the transmission of information, ideas, skills, etc. by the
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Abstract Social bookmark service is a tool to classify information on the web with user s own criteria. Organizing website with social bookmark service is fundamentally conducted for individual s benefit.