q( ) 2: R 2 R R R R C:nProgram FilesnRnrw1030) [File] [Change Dir] c:ndatadir OK 2
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- りえ やまのかみしゃ
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1 R R R S Splus R S 1 R 1: R 2 [File] [Exit] 1
2 q( ) 2: R 2 R R R R C:nProgram FilesnRnrw1030) [File] [Change Dir] c:ndatadir OK 2
3 *3 7/3 7^3 2 > 7+3 [1] 10 > 7-3 [1] 4 > 7*3 [1] 21 > 7/3 [1] > 7^3 [1] 343 > 7*(1+2) [1] 21 > 2*6+2 [1] 14 > 6/3*2 [1] 4 > 2^3*4 [1] 32 R 1 R 2 [1] 3
![333333 > 7^3 [1] 343 > 7*(1+2) [1] 21 >](/docs-images/55/20098194/images/page_3.jpg "2*6+2 [1] 14 > 6/3*2 [1] 4 > 2^3*4 [1] 32 R")
4 > 2.5*3 [1] 7.5 > 2.5*4 [1] 10 > 2.5*5 [1] 12.5 > 2.5*6 [1] 15 > 2.5*7 [1] 17.5 > 2.5*8 [1] 20 > 2.5*9 [1] 22.5 > 2.5*10 [1] > h<-2.5 h h > h<-2.5 > h*3 [1] 7.5 > h*4 [1] 10 > h*5 3 < ; ; > 4
![5*9 [1] 22.5 > 2.5*10 [1] 25 2.5 > h<-2.5 h 2.](/docs-images/55/20098194/images/page_4.jpg "5 3 h > h<-2.5 > h*3 [1] 7.")
5 [1] 12.5 > h*6 [1] c( ) seq( ) rep( ) 2.5 h h* c( ) 4 > w<-c(3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10) > w [1] > h*w [1] w 3 10 h > w<-c(1,2,3,4,5,...,99,100) seq( ) c( ) c concatenate 5
![10 > h*w [1] 7.5 10.0 12.5 15.0 17.5 20.0 22.5 25.](/docs-images/55/20098194/images/page_5.jpg "0 w 3 10 h 1 1 100 > w<-c(1,2,3,4,5,.")
6 > w<-seq(1,100) > w [1] [19] [37] [55] [73] [91] [1] [19] 6 > v<-seq(100,110) > v [1] > seq(100,110,2) [1] > seq(1,10)/10 [1] > seq(1,2,length=20) [1] [9] [17] seq(s,e) s e 1 2 seq(s,e,step) rep( ) rep(2,4) (2,2,2,2) rep( ) > rep(2,4) [1] > rep(c(0,1),3) [1] > rep(c(-1,0,1),c(1,2,3)) [1] [1] 6
![104 105 106 107 108 109 110 > seq(100,110,2) [1] 100 102 104 106 108 110 > seq(1,10)/10 [1] 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0 > seq(1,2,length=20) [1] 1.000000 1.052632 1.105263 1.157895 1.](/docs-images/55/20098194/images/page_6.jpg "210526 1.263158 1.315789 1.368421 [9] 1.421053 1.473684 1.526316 1.578947 1.631579 1.684211 1.736842 1.789474 [17] 1.842105 1.894737 1.947368 2.")
7 2.3.2 > w[3] 3 w 3 3 w[3] [ ] > w<-seq(1,100) > w[3] [1] 3 > w[11:20] [1] > w[c(1,3,7,10)] [1] > w[seq(50,60)] [1] > w[seq(1,20,2)] [1] w[11:20] c( ) seq( ) seq(1,20,2) w>50 [ ] 50 w>50 w>50 TRUE FALSE W 1 50 w>50 50 TRUE FALSE 7
![56 57 58 59 60 > w[seq(1,20,2)] [1] 1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 w[11:20] 11 20 c( ) seq(](/docs-images/55/20098194/images/page_7.jpg ") seq(1,20,2) 1 2 20 3 w>50 [ ] 50 w>50 w>50 TRUE FALSE W 1 50 w>50 50 TRUE FALSE 7")
8 3: TRUE < > <= >= ==!= & and j or > w<-seq(1,10) > w [1] > w[w>=5 & w<=7] [1]
![w<-seq(1,10) > w [1] 1 2 3](/docs-images/55/20098194/images/page_8.jpg "4 5 6 7 8 9 10 > w[w>=5 &")
9 > w<-seq(1,10) > w [1] > w[-2] [1] > w[-c(1,3,5)] [1] > w[-2:9] Error: only 0's may mix with negative subscripts > w[-(2:9)] [1] : ; w<-seq(1,10) > w [1] > w+2 [1] > w-5 [1]
![subscripts > w[-(2:9)] [1] 1 10 2:9 7 2.3.](/docs-images/55/20098194/images/page_9.jpg "3 + ; w<-seq(1,10) > w [1] 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 > w+2 [1] 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12")
10 > x<-c(1,2,3,4,5) y<-c(1,3,5,7,9) > x+y [1] > x-y [1] > x*y [1] > x/y [1] R GDP 2 GDP c( ) matrix( ) matrix(,nrow=,ncol=,byrow=f or T) 1:6 > matrix(1:6,nrow=2) [,1] [,2] [,3] [1,]
11 [2,] > matrix(1:6,nrow=3) [,1] [,2] [1,] 1 4 [2,] 2 5 [3,] nrow nrow ncol byrow T F F T > matrix(1:6,nrow=2,byrow=t) [,1] [,2] [,3] [1,] [2,] > matrix(1:6,nrow=3,byrow=t) [,1] [,2] [1,] 1 2 [2,] 3 4 [3,] > A<-matrix(1:6,nrow=3) B<-matrix(c(1,3,5,7,9,11),nrow=3) > A [,1] [,2] [1,] 1 4 [2,] 2 5 [3,] 3 6 > B [,1] [,2] [1,] byrow 11
![matrix(1:6,nrow=3,byrow=t) [,1] [,2] [1,] 1 2 [2,] 3 4 [3,] 5 6 10 > A<-matrix(1:6,nrow=3)](/docs-images/55/20098194/images/page_11.jpg "B<-matrix(c(1,3,5,7,9,11),nrow=3) > A [,1] [,2] [1,] 1 4 [2,] 2 5 [3,] 3 6 > B [,1] [,2] [1,]")
12 [2,] 3 9 [3,] 5 11 > A+B [,1] [,2] [1,] 2 11 [2,] 5 14 [3,] 8 17 > A-B [,1] [,2] [1,] 0-3 [2,] -1-4 [3,] -2-5 > A*B [,1] [,2] [1,] 1 28 [2,] 6 45 [3,] > A/B [,1] [,2] [1,] [2,] [3,] R %*% A B > A %*% B Error in A %*% B : non-conformable arguments 11 A B 3 2 AB 0 B t(b) 11 12
![[,2] [1,] 1.0000000 0.5714286 [2,] 0.6666667 0.5555556 [3,] 0.6000000 0.](/docs-images/55/20098194/images/page_12.jpg "5454545 R %*% A B > A %*% B Error in A %*% B : non-conformable arguments 11 A B 3 2")
13 > A %*% t(b) [,1] [,2] [,3] [1,] [2,] [3,] > t(a) %*% B [,1] [,2] [1,] [2,] A c(1,2) 1 1 %*% > x<-c(1,2) > A %*% x [,1] [1,] 9 [2,] 12 [3,] 15 c(1,2,3) A > y<-c(1,2,3) > y %*% A [,1] [,2] [1,] A y y y 0 A R 13
![c(1,2) 1 1 %*% > x<-c(1,2) > A %*% x [,1] [1,] 9 [2,] 12 [3,] 15](/docs-images/55/20098194/images/page_13.jpg "c(1,2,3) A > y<-c(1,2,3) > y %*% A [,1] [,2] [1,] 14 32 A y y 3 1 3 y 0")
14 GDP R gdpcons.txt ls( ) > ls() [1] "gdpcons" "last.warning" "year" gdpcons year 14 gdpcons > gdpcons GDP CONS [1,] [2,] [3,] [4,] [5,] [6,] [7,] [8,] [9,] [10,] [11,] [12,] [13,] [14,] [15,] [16,] [17,] [18,] [19,] [20,] [21,] > year [1] [16] gdpcons.txt rm( ) 14
![5 248840.1 [12,] 481660.7 256905.6 [13,] 483375.6 261560.2 [14,] 485498.4 266385.2 [15,] 490730.7 272342.2 [16,] 502794.3 277906.5 [17,] 520053.8 284766.8 [18,] 521315.1 281393.7 [19,] 518380.](/docs-images/55/20098194/images/page_14.jpg "7 285094.0 [20,] 525695.8 289454.2 [21,] 530312.8 288981.1 > year [1] 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 [16] 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 12 gdpcons.")
15 gdpcons year 15 dim( ) length( ) > dim(gdpcons) [1] 21 2 > dim(year) NULL > length(year) [1] 21 dim( ) length( ) gdpcons year gdpcons 1 GDP 2 CONS > dimnames(gdpcons) [[1]] NULL [[2]] [1] "GDP" "CONS" dimnames( ) [[1]] [[2]] 16 NULL 1 \GDP" 2 \CONS" gdpcons > dimnames(gdpcons)[[1]]<-year > gdpcons GDP CONS
![dimnames( ) [[1]] [[2]] 16 NULL 1 \GDP" 2 \CONS" gdpcons > dimnames(gdpcons)[[1]]<-year > gdpcons GDP](/docs-images/55/20098194/images/page_15.jpg "CONS 1980 312712.7 174382.7 1981 321490.5 177074.9 1982 331710.7 184799.3 1983 339823.8 189292.")
16 dimnames( ) 17 gdpcons GDP GDP gdpcons 1 [ ] A[1,1] 1 1 A(1,1) 1 GDP > gdpcons[1,1] [1] > gdpcons[1:3,1] > gdpcons[,1] gdpcons(1,1) 1:3 17 [[ ]]
![1 dimnames( ) 17 gdpcons GDP GDP gdpcons 1 [ ] A[1,1] 1 1 A(1,1) 1 GDP > gdpcons[1,1] [1] 312712.7 > gdpcons[1:3,1] 1980 1981 1982 312712.7 321490.5 331710.](/docs-images/55/20098194/images/page_16.jpg "7 > gdpcons[,1] 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 312712.7 321490.5 331710.7 339823.8 353436.2 368184.1 379895.7 399442.3 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 424657.3 445468.8 469780.")
17 1 3 1 gdpcons 3 gdpcons[3,] "GDP" "1980" 18 > gdpcons["2000","cons"] [1] > gdpcons["1995",] GDP CONS x<-c("a",1,2,3,"b") > x<-c("a",1,2,3,"b") > x [1] "a" "1" "2" "3" "b" GDP "bubble" "b" "a" "b" "bubble" "a" id" 18 R 17
![5 x<-c("a",1,2,3,"b") > x<-c("a",1,2,3,"b") > x [1] "a" "1" "2" "3"](/docs-images/55/20098194/images/page_17.jpg "\"b\" GDP \"bubble\" \"b\" \"a\" 1987 1991 1980 1986 \"b\" 1987 1991 \"bubble\"")
18 > id<-c("b","b","b","b","b","b","b","bubble","bubble","bubble","bubble","bubble", + "a","a","a","a","a","a","a","a","a") > length(id) [1] R id gdpcons 3 rbind( ) cbind( ) cbind( ) > cbind(gdpcons,id) gdp cons id 1980 " " " " "b" 1981 " " " " "b" 1982 " " " " "b" 1983 " " "189292" "b" 1984 " " " " "b" 1985 " " " " "b" 1986 " " "209050" "b" 1987 " " " " "bubble" 1988 " " " " "bubble" 1989 " " " " "bubble" 1990 " " " " "bubble" 1991 " " " " "bubble" 1992 " " " " "a" 1993 " " " " "a" 1994 " " " " "a" 1995 " " " " "a" 1996 " " " " "a" 1997 " " " " "a" 1998 " " "285094" "a" 1999 " " " " "a" 2000 " " " " "a" data.frame( ) 18
19 > gdpcons<-data.frame(gdpcons,id) > gdpcons gdp cons id b b b b b b b bubble bubble bubble bubble bubble a a a a a a a a a data.frame( data.frame( ) gdp > gdpcons[,1] [1] [9] [17] > gdpcons$gdp [1] [9] [17] > attach(gdpcons) > gdp [1] [9] [17]
20 attach( ) 19 attach( ) detach( ) detach(gdpcons) attach(gdpcons) id > id [1] "b" "b" "b" "b" "b" "b" "b" "bubble" [9] "bubble" "bubble" "bubble" "bubble" "a" "a" "a" "a" [17] "a" "a" "a" "a" "a" 2.5 R R 4 > list(gdp,cons,id) [[1]] [1] [9] [17] [[2]] [1] [9] [17]
![3 445468.8 469780.5 481660.7 483375.6 485498.4 490730.7 502794.3 [17] 520053.8 521315.1 518380.7 525695.8 530312.8 [[2]] [1] 174382.7 177074.9 184799.3 189292.](/docs-images/55/20098194/images/page_20.jpg "0 194237.4 201627.8 209050.0 217356.6 [9] 229129.5 238784.9 248840.1 256905.6 261560.2 266385.2 272342.2 277906.5 [17] 284766.8 281393.7 285094.0 289454.2 288981.")
21 [[3]] [1] "b" "b" "b" "b" "b" "b" "b" "bubble" [9] "bubble" "bubble" "bubble" "bubble" "a" "a" "a" "a" [17] "a" "a" "a" "a" "a" gdp cons id list( ) [[1]] [[2]] [[3]] list(gdp,cons,id)[[2]] cons 3 GDP R 3.1 > attach(gdpcons) > plot(year,gdp) GDP 4 plot( ) X Y plot( ) 4 20 > plot(year,gdp,type="l",main="gdp from 1980 to 2000") 20 pch="." 21
22 gdp year 4: GDP type type="l" help(plot) 21 GDP from 1980 to 2000 gdp year 5: GDP ( ) R Version Microsoft Word 21 help.start( ) Internet Explorer 22
23 ps jpeg GDP plot(year,gdp,cons) 6 > plot(year,gdp,main="gdp and Consumption",type="l", + ylim=c(100000,600000)) > lines(year,cons,lty=2) plot( ) GDP lines( ) 2 ylim=c(100000,600000) GDP cons cons GDP lines(year,cons,...) lines( ) lty 22 GDP and Consumption gdp 1 e+05 2 e+05 3 e+05 4 e+05 5 e+05 6 e year 6: GDP 22 GDP CONS 23
24 3.2 plot( ) GDP gdp ; cons gdp 23 > par(mfrow=c(1,2)) > growth.gdp<-(gdp[2:21]-gdp[1:20])/gdp[2:21]*100 > growth.cons<-(cons[2:21]-cons[1:20])/cons[2:21]*100 > plot(year[2:21],growth.gdp,main="gdp and Consumption Growth", + type="l") > lines(year[2:21],growth.cons,lty=2) > saving.rate<-(gdp-cons)/gdp*100 > plot(year,saving.rate,main="macro Saving Rate", + type="l") 1 2 par( ) GDP plot( ) plot( ) lines( ) plot R 24
25 GDP and Consumption Growth Macro Saving Rate growth.gdp saving.rate year[2:21] year 4 7: GDP GDP GDP 4.1 mean( ) var( ) sqrt( ) 1 var( ) n (n-1)/n > mean(growth.gdp) mean(growth.cons) [1] [1] > n<-length(growth.gdp)
26 > sqrt(var(growth.gdp)*(n-1)/n) [1] > sqrt(var(growth.cons)*(n-1)/n) [1] GDP GDP > ysub<-seq(1981,2000) > mean(growth.gdp[ysub<=1989]) [1] > mean(growth.gdp[ysub>1989]) [1] > mean(growth.cons[ysub<=1989]) [1] > mean(growth.cons[ysub>1989]) [1] > sqrt(var(growth.gdp[ysub<=1989])) [1] > sqrt(var(growth.gdp[ysub>1989])) [1] > sqrt(var(growth.cons[ysub<=1989])) [1] > sqrt(var(growth.cons[ysub>1989])) [1] var( ) ysub
27 T F Volatility hist( ) GDP > hist(growth.gdp) 8 Histogram of growth.gdp Frequency growth.gdp 8: GDP 27
28 4.3 GDP GDP GDP GDP GDP vs Consumption growth.cons growth.gdp 9: GDP GDP GDP 28
29 C Y C = + Y ;1 H 0 : = 0 vs H 1 : 6= 0 > x<-growth.gdp[1:19] > y<-growth.cons[2:20] > reg1<-lm(y~x) > summary(reg1) Call: lm(formula = y ~ x) Residuals: Min 1Q Median 3Q Max Coefficients: Estimate Std. Error t value Pr(> t ) (Intercept) * x * --- Signif. codes: 0 `***' `**' 0.01 `*' 0.05 `.' 0.1 ` ' 1 Residual standard error: on 17 degrees of freedom Multiple R-Squared: , Adjusted R-squared: F-statistic: on 1 and 17 DF, p-value: GDP 1 19 GDP gdp[1:19] 25 cons[2:20] 25 29
30 lm( ) summary( ) lm( ) y ~ x ~ y~x 1 + x 2 + x 3 + GDP T % S Y = + T T T=1,2,3,.. > length(saving.rate) [1] 21 > trend<-seq(1,21) > reg1<-lm(saving.rate~trend) > summary(reg1) Call: lm(formula = saving.rate ~ trend) Residuals: Min 1Q Median 3Q Max 26 GDP R 30
31 Coefficients: Estimate Std. Error t value Pr(> t ) (Intercept) <2e-16 *** trend Signif. codes: 0 `***' `**' 0.01 `*' 0.05 `.' 0.1 ` ' 1 Residual standard error: on 19 degrees of freedom Multiple R-Squared: , Adjusted R-squared: F-statistic: on 1 and 19 DF, p-value: trend T gdpcons 1. read.table( ) gdpcons<-read.table("gdpcons.txt",header=t) scan( ) scan( ) gdpcons 29 read.table( ) 31
32 > x<-scan() 1: 1 2: 2 3: 5 4: 6 5: 8 6: 9 7: Read 6 items > x [1] scan() 1 x 30 R write( ) write( ) 31 write(t(x),"filename",ncol=ncol(x)) t(x) x 24 R 30 scan( ) help(scan) 31 R 32
33 32 R m2y <- function(x){ if((length(x) %% 12)!= 0) return("inconsistent Number of Data") n <- length(x) / 12 y <- 1:n for(i in 1:n){ b <- 12*(i-1)+1 e <- 12*(i-1)+12 y[i] <- mean(x[b:e]) } y } m2y.r R > source("m2y.r") x.month x.year<-m2y(x.month) m2y( ) 33 R R Save workspace image? OK.Rdata.Rdata R [File] [Source R code] OK 33
34 .Rdata.Rdata [File] [Load Workspace] [Save Workspace] [Save Workspace].Rdata.Rdata Rdata 34
35 YEAR GDP CONS
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> summary(dat.lm1) Call: lm(formula = sales ~ price, data = dat) Residuals: Min 1Q Median 3Q Max -55.719-19.270 4.212 16.143 73.454 Coefficients: Estimate Std. Error t value Pr(> t ) (Intercept) 237.1326
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W707 s-taiji@is.titech.ac.jp 1 / 1 (lm) lm AIC 2 / 1 : y = β 1 x 1 + β 2 x 2 + + β d x d + β d+1 + ϵ (ϵ N(0, σ 2 )) y R: x R d : β i (i = 1,..., d):, β d+1 : ( ) (d = 1) y = β 1 x 1 + β 2 + ϵ (d > 1) y
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2012 11 01 k2 (2012-10-26 16:35 ) 1 6 2 (2012 11 01 k2) (GLM) kubo@ees.hokudai.ac.jp web http://goo.gl/wijx2 web http://goo.gl/ufq2 1 : 2 2 4 3 7 4 9 5 : 11 5.1................... 13 6 14 6.1......................
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橡統計担当者のためのエクセル表紙.PDF
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