4/8 No. 2
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1 4/8 No. 1
2 4/8 No. 2
3 Laser-related Nobel laureates Townes, Basov, Prokhorov (1964-Physics): レーザーの開発 Gabor(1971-Physics) : ホログラフィーの発明と開発 Bloembergen, Schawlow (1981-Physics): レーザー分光 Kroto, Curl, Smalley (1996-Chemistry): フラーレンの合成 Chu, Cohen-Tannoudji, Phillips (1997-Physics): レーザー光を用いた原子の冷却とトラップ Zewail(1999-Chemistry): フェムト秒化学 Wieman, Ketterle, Cornell (2001-Physics): アルカリ元素のボーズアインシュタイン凝縮 Tanaka( 田中耕一 ), Fenn (2002-Chemistry): 生体分子の質量分析のためのイオン化法 Glauber (2005-Physics): 量子光学 Hall, Hänsch (2005 年 -Physics): レーザーによる精密分光学 ( 光周波数コム技術 ) Kao (2009-Physics): optical fiber Haroche, Wineland (2012 Physics) cavity QED Laser is omnipresent from basic science to our daily life. 4/8 No. 3
4 4/8 No. 4
5 4/8 No. 5
6 Advanced Plasma and Laser Science (Kenichi ISHIKAWA) for internal use only (Univ. of Tokyo) Monochromaticity 単色性 Laser light has a single frequency or wavelength (pure color). 各種のレーザー光は それぞれある特定の波長のみ を含み その波長は時間的に一定である 4/8 No. 6
7 4/8 No. 7
8 Atom Energy level Bohr s condition hν light absorption spontaneous emission stimulated emission E 2 E 1 ν hν = E 2 E 1 frequency h = J s Planck constant Emission of light (photon) upon transition to a lower level Spontaneous emission happens without an incident light Stimulated emission emits a photon induced by the incident light 4/8 No. 8
9 Before After spontaneous" emission photon stimulated" emission photon 2 photons (stimulated)" absorption photon 4/8 No. 9
10 Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation highly directional, high-intensity, very pure wavelength by spontaneous emission diverse direction and wavelength, low-intensity 4/8 No. 10
11 Unique properties of a laser Directionality & monochromacity Polarization E = E e ik x iωt+iφ 0 Frequency (wavelength) Phase Direction Laser is an ideal classical electromagnetic wave! 4/8 No. 11
12 Laser wavelength region 4/8 No. 12
13 Argon ion/ 488/514 nm CW/ Krypton ion/ 531/568/647 nm CW/ He-Ne/ 633 nm CW/ CO µm CW or pulse/ Dye/ 450 nm 900 nm CW or pulse/ Diode/ 650 nm 900 nm CW or pulse/ Ruby/ 694 nm µs Nd:YLF 1053 nm 100 ns 250 µs Nd:YAG 1064 nm 100 ns 250 µs Ho:YAG 2120 nm 100 ns 250 µs Ho:YSGG 2780 nm 100 ns 250 µs Er:YAG 2940 nm 100 ns 250 µs Alexandrite/ 720 nm µs XeCl 308 nm ns XeF エキシマ 351 nm ns KrF レーザー 248 nm ns ArF 193 nm ns Nd:YLF 1053 nm ps Nd:YAG 1064 nm ps Ti:Sapphire/ 700 nm 1000 nm 5 fs 100 ps Short pulse laser Continuous wave laser (CW) Pulse laser Ultrashort pulse laser 4/8 No. 13
14 参考書 (Reference):W. T. Silfvast, Laser Fundamentals 4/8 No. 14
15 Advanced Plasma and Laser Science (Kenichi ISHIKAWA) for internal use only (Univ. of Tokyo) Einstein A and B coefficients (1916) アインシュタインのA, B係数の理論(1916年) Temporal evolution of population density N1 and N2 占位数密度N1, N2の時間変化 spontaneous" absorption emission Thermal equilibrium (T) 熱平衡状態 温度 T stimulated" emission incident light" ω A 入射光 BW 12 Boltzmann distribution ボルツマン分布 E2,N2 自然放出 吸収 W BW 21 誘導放出 E1,N1 Planck s law for cavity radiation" プランクの黒体放射の法則 4/8 No. 15
16 Advanced Plasma and Laser Science (Kenichi ISHIKAWA) for internal use only (Univ. of Tokyo) Cavity (black body) radiation 4/8 No. 16
17 4/8 No. 17
18 dz I(z) I(z+dz) di dz = B(N 2 N 1 ) c I S Gain coefficient g = B(N 2 N 1 ) c Extended Lambert-Beer law I(z) =I 0 e gz = I 0 e (N 2 N 1 )z = B c 4/8 No. 18
19 Stimulated emission cross section for a variety of lasers Laser λ(nm) σ(m -2 ) He-Ne Argon He-Cd Copper (CVL) CO 2 10, Excimer Dye (Rh6G) Semiconductor Nd:YAG Nd:Glass Ti:Sapphire Cr:LiSrAlF /8 No. 19
20 I(z) >I 0 for z>0 N 2 >N 1 a necessary condition Stimulated emission > absorption At thermal equilibrium N 2 = N 1 exp ω /k B T [ ] << N 1 Energy E 2 E 1 N 2 thermal" equilibrium N 1 Energy E 2 population" inversion e E kt e E kt E 1 N 1 N 2 Population density Population density 4/8 No. 20
21 Solid, liquid, gas Plasma Free electron Pumping energy source is necessary. Flash lump LED Gas discharge Electric current Chemical reaction Another laser, R 1 R 2 Oscillator (resonator) Gain medium Pump Laser light 4/8 No. 21
22 pump Γ spontaneous" emission N 2 A = N 2 stimulated" emission N 2 N 2 B I c steady state N 1 dn 2 dt = N BI c =0 N 2 = 1 + BI c 4/8 No. 22
23 I sat = c B = = B c sufficient condition saturation length gl sat = (N 2 N 1 )L sat = 12 ± 5 e gl sat /8 No. 23
24 gl sat = (N 2 N 1 )L sat = 12 ± 5 g =0.15 m 1 L sat 80 m! one path L =0.2m e gl = 1.03 amplification by one path is small in general L sat L 400 paths is necessary 4/8 No. 24
25 R 1 R 2 The gain medium is put in a cavity (resonator) with two flat mirrors for lasing. Oscillator (resonator) Gain medium Pumping Laser light Amplifier Feedback amplifier βi o I i I o I i I o ( 1 β)i o I o = AI i I o = A 1 Aβ I i Aβ <1 4/8 No. 25
26 I i Advanced Plasma and Laser Science (Kenichi ISHIKAWA) for internal use only (Univ. of Tokyo) Feedback amplifier R 1 R 2 Oscillator (resonator) Gain medium I o Pumping βi o ( 1 β)i o Laser light I o = Aβ =1 A 1 Aβ I i Infinite amplication Lasing condition exp[2(g a)l]r 1 R 2 =1 A β g =(N 2 N 1 ) Necessary population inversion N 2 N 1 = a ln R 1R 2 2L 4/8 No. 26
27 Laser g (m -1 ) L (m) m He-Ne Argon He-Cd Copper (CVL) CO Excimer Dye (Rh6G) GaAs 100, Nd:YAG Nd:glass /8 No. 27
28 R 1 R 2 Gain medium Laser light Oscillator (resonator) Pumping energy source 4/8 No. 28
Advanced Laser and Photon Science (Kenichi ISHIKAWA) for internal use only (Univ. of Tokyo) Laser : the greatest invention of the 20th century レーザー 20
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