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What is the Role of Language in Communication-oriented English Education? A theoretical consideration on the 'limitation of linguistic media in communication' Tsukasa Yamanaka / Doctoral Program, Graduate School of Media and Governance, Keio University Yuji Suzuki / Professor, Faculty of Environment and Information Studies, Keio University This paper proposes a new theory of communication incorporating next generation media and its application to English education at the university level. Recently in Japan, need for so-called communicative English education is growing stronger, in correspondence with which there have been some interesting theories of communication. However, such theories are far from being functionally adequate, because they are confined to language alone without realizing the limitation of the role of language in communication. This paper attempts to correct these existing theoretical frameworks for a more functional model of communication. There are several important issues highlighted in this paper including "meta-communicative dimension", which is considered essential for the conceptualization of communication thus defined. Keywords: 168

(SFC) (, ) (Canale and Swain, Bachman, McNamara ) ( ) ( ) ( ) Hymes (, ) ( ) ( ) KEIO SFC JOURNAL Vol.6 No.1 2007 169

( ) 170

Davidson Davidson Quine Davidson ( ) Davidson (, ) Quine (indeterminacy) Davidson (malapropism) Davidson (ubiquitous) ( ) (literal meaning) (Davidson (first meaning) ) KEIO SFC JOURNAL Vol.6 No.1 2007 171

A arrangement derangement (Davidson ) ( B ) (recursive) Quine ( ) ( ) (dynamic) ( ) Davidson Davidson (passing theory) (radical interpretation) Davidson (linguistic competence) Davidson ( : ) 172

Davidson ( ) Chomsky ( ) ( ) (Umwelt) ( ) ( ) KEIO SFC JOURNAL Vol.6 No.1 2007 173

(Grice, Sperber, Sperber and Wilson ) ( ) (Savage-Rumbaugh ) (Smith = ) 174

( ) ( ) ( ; ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) (authentic) ( ) KEIO SFC JOURNAL Vol.6 No.1 2007 175

Bateson Bateson ( = : ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) Bateson ( ) ( ) ( ) Bateson ( ) ( ) = = ( ) 176

( ; ) (Davidson) / I II ( II ) Chomsky KEIO SFC JOURNAL Vol.6 No.1 2007 177

( ) III (prescriptive) ( ) (Austin, Searle ) II ( ) ( ) IV III IV III IV III I III II II 178

I Davidson Bateson ( ) ( / ) Sperber ( ) KEIO SFC JOURNAL Vol.6 No.1 2007 179

Jakobson (, ) ( ) (mutual intelligibility) 180

(holistic) KEIO SFC JOURNAL Vol.6 No.1 2007 181

182

Language KEIO SFC JOURNAL Vol.6 No.1 2007 183

Austin, J.L. 1962 How to Do Things with Words. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press. Bachman, L. F. 1990 Fundamental considerations in language testing. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Bachman, L.F. & A.S. Palmer 1996 Language Testing in Practice. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Bateson, G. 1972 Steps To An Ecology of Mind. Balantine: New York. Birdwhistell, R. 1955 "Background to kinesics." ETC 13. pp.10-18 Bloomfield, L. 1933 Language. New York: Holt. Canale, M. & M. Swain 1980 "Theoretical bases of communicative approaches to second language teaching and testing." In Applied Linguistics 1 no.1. Canale, M. 1983 "From Communicative Competence to Communicative Language Pedagogy." In J.C. Richards and R.W. Schmidt ed. Language and Communication. London: Longman. pp.2-27 Chomsky, N. 2000 New Horizons in the Study of Language and Mind. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 184

Davidson, D. 1984 Inquiries into Truth and Interpretation. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Davidson, D. 1986 "A nice derangement of epitaphs." In E. Lepore ed. Truth and Interpretation. Oxford: Blackwell. pp.433-446 Glock, H.J. 2003 Quine and Davidson on Language, Thought and Reality. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Grice, H.P. 1989 Studies in the Way of Words. Cambridge, M.A.: Harvard University Press. Hall, R.A. 1966 Pidgin and Creole Languages. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press. Hayakawa, S.I. 1941 Language in Action. New York: Harcourt, Brace. Hymes, D. 1967 "Models of the Interaction of Language and Social Setting." Journal of Social Issues 23. pp.8-28 Hymes, D. 1972 "On Communicative Competence." In Pride & Holmes ed. Sociolinguistics. Harmondsworth: Penguin. Jakobson, R. 1976, 1996 On Language. Linda W. Waugh and Monique Monville Burton Ed. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press. Jespersen, O. 1922 Language. London: Allen & Unwin. Korzybski, A. 1933 Science and Sanity: An Introduction to Non-Aristotelian Systems and General Semantics. Lancaster, PA: Science Press. Mehrabian, A. 1968 "Communication without words." Psychology Today 2 (9). pp.52-55 McNamara, T.F. 1996 Measuring Second Language Performance. London: Addison-Wesley Longman. McNamara, T.F. 1997 'Interaction' in second language performance assessment: Whose performance? Applied Linguistics, Vol.18, No.4 Pinker, S. 1994 The Language Instinct: How the Mind Creates Language. New York: Wm. Morrow. Quine, W.V. 1960 Word and Object. Cambridge, Mass.: The MIT Press. Rossi, P.H., M.W. Lipsey & H.E. Freeman 2004 Evaluation: A Systematic Approach, Seventh Edition. Sage Publications. Thousand Oaks; CA. Sacks, H. 1992 "Lectures on Conversation." In G. Jefferson Ed. Lectures on Conversation 1. (Harvey Sacks). Cambridge. M.A.: Blackwell. Sanjek, R. 1991 "The Ethnographic Present" Man(n.s.)26. pp.609-628 Savage-Rumbaugh, S. et al. 1998 Apes, Language, and the Human Mind. Oxford University Press. Searle, J. 1975 'Indirect Speech Acts', in Peter Cole and Jerry L. Morgan Ed. Syntax and Semantics Volume 3: Speech Acts. Academic Press. pp.59-82 Smith, N. 2002 Language, Bananas & Bonobos. Oxford: Blackwell. Sperber, D. 1994 In J. Khalfa ed. What Is Intellegnece? Cambridge University Press. pp.179-98 Sperber, D. & D. Wilson 1995 Relevance. 2nd edn. Blackwell. Tannen, D. 1989 Talking Voices. Cambridge University Press. Todd, L. 1974 Pidgins and Creoles. Routledge & Kegan Paul. Wardhaugh, R. 1992 An Introduction to Sociolinguistics. Second Edition. Basil Blackwell. KEIO SFC JOURNAL Vol.6 No.1 2007 185