Radiation Detection & Measurement
(1) (2) (3) (4)1 MeV
( ) 10 9 m 10 7 m 10 10 m < 10 18 m X 10 15 m 10 15 m
......... (isotope)...... (isotone)......... (isobar)
1 1 1 0 1 2 1 2 3 99.985% 0.015% ~0%
E = mc 2 m e =9.110 10 31 kg E e = m e c 2 =8.2 10 14 J
電子ボルトとは 1 ev = e 1.6 1 V = 1.6 10 19 10 19 J 電極 C 電子 1eV 1V 1,000,000,000回 陽子の質量分を作り出そうとすると 高電圧が必要 1GeV
E = mc 2 m e =9.110 10 31 kg E e = m e c 2 =8.2 10 14 J 1 ev = 1.6 10 19 J... m e = 511 kev/c 2 m p =1.673 10 27 kg = 938.3MeV/c 2 m n =1.675 10 27 kg = 939.6MeV/c 2 m =6.664 10 27 kg = 3733 MeV/c 2
... 12 C 1/12 Nuclear Physics A729 (2003) 337~676 m n >m p 10
MeV GeV 21 10 TeV?
... Si 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 A 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 M l 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 N 18 g 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 37 N 16 a 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 34 F 14 e 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 31 O 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 naturally stable atom N 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 C 8 9 10 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 22 B 7 8 10 11 12 13 14 15 17 19 B e 5 6 7 9 10 11 12 14 L i 4 5 6 7 8 9 11 H e 3 4 6 8 H 1 2 3 4 5 7 1 p n + + + e n p + + e
Nuclear Landscape Pb > 10 s
12 C 12 C 12u 1.0073u 1.0087u 5.486 10-4 u M = 6 1.0073 + 6 1.0087 + 6 5.486 10-4 = 12.099 M = 12.099-12 = 0.099 [u] = 92MeV = 7.67MeV/u
1 H 3 Li 4 Be 11 Na 12 Mg 19 K Ca 20 37 Rb 38 Sr 55 Cs 56 Ba 87 Fr 88 Ra 21 Se 22 Ti 39 Y 40 Zr 57 La 72 Hf 89 Ac 104 Rf 5 B 13 Al 23 V Cr 24 25 Mn Fe 26 27 Co 28 Ni 41 Nb Mo 42 Tc 43 44 Ru Rh 45 Pd 46 Ag 47 Cd 48 49 In 73 Ta 74 W Re 75 76 Os 77 Ir 78 Pt 79 Au Hg 80 81 Tl 105 Db 106 Sg 107 Bh 108 109 Hs Mt 110 Ds 29 Cu Zn 30 Ga 31 Ge 32 50 111 Rg 112 Cn 113 Nh 114 Fl 6 C 7 N 14 Si 15 P 16 S 33 As 34 Se Sn Sb 51 Te 52 82 Pb 83 Bi 84 Po 8 O F 9 17 Cl 35 Br 53 I 85 At 115 Mc 116 Lv 117 Ts 2 He 10 Ne 18 Ar 36 Kr 54 Xe 86 Rn 118 Og 58 Ce 59 Pr 90 Th Pa 91 60 Nd Pm 61 Sm 62 Eu 63 Gd 64 Tb 65 Dy 66 Ho 67 92 U Np 93 Pu 94 Am 95 Cm 96 Bk 97 98 Cf 99 Es 68 69 Er Tm Yb 70 Lu 71 100 Fm 101 Md 102 No 103 Lr
(1) (2) (3) (4)1MeV
-ray... ¼ -ray
He 83 200
Nuclear Landscape 壊変
X(Z, A) Y (Z 2, A 4) + He(2,4) + Q a Q a = (M X M Y M ) 931.5 MeV 238 92 U 234 90 Th + 226 88 Ra 222 86 Rn +
238 94 Pu 234 92 U + 5.499MeV (72%) 5.456MeV (28%) 5.358MeV (0.09%)
246 Cm, 248 Cm, 252 Cf, 254 Cf, 254 Es 252 Cf 2.645 96.91% 3.09% 1g 252 Cf 2.3 10 12 Bq 3.8 MBq
... Si 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 A 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 M l 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 N 18 g 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 37 N 16 a 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 34 F 14 e 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 31 O 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 naturally stable atom N 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 C 8 9 10 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 22 B 7 8 10 11 12 13 14 15 17 19 B e 5 6 7 9 10 11 12 14 L i 4 5 6 7 8 9 11 H e 3 4 6 8 H 1 2 3 4 5 7 1 p n + + + e n p + + e
- Z Z + 1 A A + Z Z 1 A A 3H 12.26y 0.0186 45Ca 165d 0.252 14C 5730y 0.156 63Ni 92y 0.067 32P 14.28d 1.71 90Sr/ 90 Y 27.2y/64h 0.546/2.27 33P 24.4d 0.248 99Tc 0.292 35S 87.9d 0.167 147Pm 2.62y 0.224 36Cl 0.714 204Tl 3.81y 0.766
22 Na + 22 Na 2.602y EC (9.43%) + 0.545MeV (90.4%) + 1.820MeV (0.06%) 22 Ne 1.2746MeV (99.9%) e + + e
Nuclear Landscape + 壊変 壊変 壊変
60 Co 5.27y 0.318MeV (99.9%) 1.491MeV (0.08%) 1.17324MeV (99.9%) 1.33250MeV (99.98%)
22 Na 2.602y EC (9.43%) + 0.545MeV (90.4%) + 1.820MeV (0.06%) 22 Ne 1.2746MeV (99.9%) e + + e
137 Cs 30.17y 0.512MeV (95%) 1.174MeV (5%) 2.551m 137m Ba IT 0.662MeV 137 Ba
CNO